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TYPES AND PATTERNS OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS
These can broadly be grouped under four categories:
1. Compact/clustered/nucleated settlement
Linear Pattern , Rectangular Pattern, Square Pattern, Circular Pattern, Radial Pattern
2. Semi-compact/Semi-clustered/fragmented settlement
Checker Board Pattern, Elongated Pattern, Fan Shaped Pattern, Hamleted Settlements
3. Hemleted settlement
4. Dispersed settlement.
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Compact/clustered/nucleated settlement
These settlements have closely built up area. Therefore in such settlements all the dwellings are concentrated in one central sites and these inhabited area is distinct and separated from the farms and pastures. These settlements are distributed over the entire northern Indo-Ganga plain (from Punjab in the north-west to West Bengal in the east), Orissa coast, basins of Mahanadi in Chhattisgarh, coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh, cauvery delta of Tamil Nadu, Maidaus of Karnataka, lower Assam and Tripura, in the valleys of Siwaliks etc.Such settlements generally range from a cluster of about thirty to hundreds of
dwelling of different forms, size and functions.
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(i) Linear Pattern : It is commonly found along main roads, railways, streams, etc. It may have a single row of houses arranged along the main artery.
For example rural settlements found along the sea coast, river valley, mountain ranges etc.
(ii) Rectangular Pattern : This is a very common type which develops around the rectangular shape of agricultural fields as it is common to find a system of land measurement based on square units. Village paths and cart tracks also confirm to the rectangular field patterns and run through the village in north-south and east-west directions. Accessibility to farms and fields and connectivity to other settlements lead to rectangular shape of settlements. The settlements of coastal Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh and either side of Aravali hills, etc. are the examples.
(iii) Square Pattern: This is basically a varient of rectangular type. Such a pattern is associated with villages lying at the crossing of cart tracks or roads and also related to features restricting the extension of the village outside a square space. These features may include an old boundary wall, thick orchards, a road or a pond.
(iv) Circular Pattern : In the upper Doab and Trans – Yamuna districts, Malwa region, Punjab and Gujarat, large villages are characterized by a very high degree of compactness. The outer walls of dwellings adjoin each other and present a continuous front so that when viewed from outside, the villages look like a walled and fortified enclosure pierced by a few openings. The round form was a natural outcome of maximum aggregation for the purpose of defence during the past.
(v) Radial Pattern : In this type, a number of streets converge on one centre which may be a source of water (pond, well), a temple or mosque, a centre of commercial activity or simply an open space. Thus, the streets seem to be radiating from a common centre. Examples are settlements near Gurushikar, Mount Abu in Rajasthan, Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh, etc
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Semi- Compact Settlement:
The dwellings or houses are not well-knitted. Such settlements are characterized by a small but compact nuclears around which hamlets are dispersed. It covers more area than the compact settlements. These settlements are found both in plains and plateaus depending upon the environmental conditions prevailing in that area. Such settlements are situated along streams in Manipur Mandla and Balaghat districts of Madhya Pradesh, and Rajgarh district of Chhattisgarh.
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Semi- Compact Settlement Types :
(i) Checker Board Pattern: This is a type of settlement found generally at the junction of two roads. The village streets meet each other at an angle or are parallel to each other. This pattern is common in the northern plains.
(ii) Elongated Pattern: Such settlement occurs as a result of elongation of the rectangular pattern due to influence of site features.
(iii) Fan Shaped Pattern: This is seen where some focal points or line is situated at one end of the village. A focal object may be a tank a riverside, a road, an orchard, a well or even a place of worship. Such patterns are common in the delta region where the dwellings simply follow the fan shaped profile of the delta as in the case of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Himalyan foothills.
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Hamleted Settlements: These type of settlements, are fragmented into several small units. The main settlement does not have much influence on the other units. Very often the original site is not easily distinguishable and these hamlets are often spread over the area with intervening fields. The hamlets are locally named as faliya, para, dhana, dhani, nanglay etc. These settlements are generally found in West Bengal, eastern Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and coastal plains.
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Dispersed Settlements or Isolated Settlements:
The settlement is characterized by units of small size which may consist of a single house to a small group of houses. It varies from two to seven huts.
Therefore, in this type, hamlets are scattered over a vast area and does not have any specific pattern. Such type of settlements are found in tribal areas
of central part of India covering Chhota Nagpur plateau, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,in the hills of north Bengal,Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
