10-28-2022, 08:02 AM
Gatha-9
Origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) take place in modes (paryāya); as a rule, modes exist in the substance (dravya), and, therefore, it is certain that all these – origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) – are the substance (dravya) only.
Explanatory Note:
These three, origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya), take place in modes (paryāya), and modes exist in the substance (dravya). The seed (bīja), the sprout (ańkura), and the tree-ness (vrksatva) are parts (ańśa) of the whole (ańśī), that is, the tree (vrksa). These three parts (ańśa) are subject to origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) – destruction (vyaya) of the seed entails origination (utpāda) of the sprout while tree-ness exhibits permanence (dhrauvya). Similarly, origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) are the three parts (ańśa) pertaining to the modes (paryāya) of the whole (ańśī), that is, the substance (dravya). If it be imagined that origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) take place in the substance (dravya) itself then everything gets
shattered. If destruction (vyaya) were to take place in the substance (dravya), existence (sat) itself would vanish. If origination (utpāda) were to take place in the substance (dravya), there would be creation of infinite substances from nowhere – creation of the non-existence (asat). If permanence (dhrauvya) were to take place in the substance (dravya), modes (paryāya) would vanish and without existence of successive modes, the substance, too, would vanish. Therefore, origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) exist in modes (paryāya), not in substance (dravya). Modes (paryāya) witness origination (utpāda) and destruction (vyaya); also permanence (dhrauvya) with respect to substance (dravya). Modes (paryāya) depend on substance (dravya); in fact, modes are part of substance (dravya). There can certainly be no origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) in a fictional entity like the ‘horns of a hare’ (kharavisāna).
Gatha 10
Certainly, the substance (dravya) amalgamates with origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya), and evolves with these conditions at the same time. The substance (dravya), therefore, is certainly the substratum of these three – origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya).
Explanatory Note:
If one argues that origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) take place at different times, the Ācārya clarifies that this would have been true if these phenomena were to occur in the substance (dravya). He says that these phenomena occur in the mode (paryaya) of the substance (dravya) and, therefore, happen at the same time. As an illustration, with the instrumentality of the wheel, the stick, the potter and the like, the origination of the pot and the destruction of the lump (of clay) take place at the same time. During both events, clay itself is constantly present, without leaving own nature. Thus, there is permanence (dhrauvya) too. In the same way, on the availability of internal and external causes, origination of the new mode (paryāya) and destruction of the old mode (paryāya) take place at the same time. During this period, the substance (dravya) does not leave its own nature, exhibiting ermanence (dhrauvya). As the substance of clay exhibits origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) through its modes of the pot and the lump, and own-nature (clayness), the same is true for all substances. Destruction (vyaya) of the old mode, origination (utpāda) of the new mode and permanence (dhrauvya) with regard to own-nature happen all together, at the same time. If these – origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) – were to take place in the substance then it would have been right to say that these cannot take place at the same time. But since these take place in modes (paryaya), there is no anomaly. The pot, the lump and the clayness are not separate from the substance of clay; in the same way, origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) are the same as the substance (dravya).
Origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) take place in modes (paryāya); as a rule, modes exist in the substance (dravya), and, therefore, it is certain that all these – origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) – are the substance (dravya) only.
Explanatory Note:
These three, origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya), take place in modes (paryāya), and modes exist in the substance (dravya). The seed (bīja), the sprout (ańkura), and the tree-ness (vrksatva) are parts (ańśa) of the whole (ańśī), that is, the tree (vrksa). These three parts (ańśa) are subject to origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) – destruction (vyaya) of the seed entails origination (utpāda) of the sprout while tree-ness exhibits permanence (dhrauvya). Similarly, origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) are the three parts (ańśa) pertaining to the modes (paryāya) of the whole (ańśī), that is, the substance (dravya). If it be imagined that origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) take place in the substance (dravya) itself then everything gets
shattered. If destruction (vyaya) were to take place in the substance (dravya), existence (sat) itself would vanish. If origination (utpāda) were to take place in the substance (dravya), there would be creation of infinite substances from nowhere – creation of the non-existence (asat). If permanence (dhrauvya) were to take place in the substance (dravya), modes (paryāya) would vanish and without existence of successive modes, the substance, too, would vanish. Therefore, origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) exist in modes (paryāya), not in substance (dravya). Modes (paryāya) witness origination (utpāda) and destruction (vyaya); also permanence (dhrauvya) with respect to substance (dravya). Modes (paryāya) depend on substance (dravya); in fact, modes are part of substance (dravya). There can certainly be no origination (utpāda), destruction (vyaya) and permanence (dhrauvya) in a fictional entity like the ‘horns of a hare’ (kharavisāna).
Gatha 10
Certainly, the substance (dravya) amalgamates with origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya), and evolves with these conditions at the same time. The substance (dravya), therefore, is certainly the substratum of these three – origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya).
Explanatory Note:
If one argues that origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) take place at different times, the Ācārya clarifies that this would have been true if these phenomena were to occur in the substance (dravya). He says that these phenomena occur in the mode (paryaya) of the substance (dravya) and, therefore, happen at the same time. As an illustration, with the instrumentality of the wheel, the stick, the potter and the like, the origination of the pot and the destruction of the lump (of clay) take place at the same time. During both events, clay itself is constantly present, without leaving own nature. Thus, there is permanence (dhrauvya) too. In the same way, on the availability of internal and external causes, origination of the new mode (paryāya) and destruction of the old mode (paryāya) take place at the same time. During this period, the substance (dravya) does not leave its own nature, exhibiting ermanence (dhrauvya). As the substance of clay exhibits origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) through its modes of the pot and the lump, and own-nature (clayness), the same is true for all substances. Destruction (vyaya) of the old mode, origination (utpāda) of the new mode and permanence (dhrauvya) with regard to own-nature happen all together, at the same time. If these – origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) – were to take place in the substance then it would have been right to say that these cannot take place at the same time. But since these take place in modes (paryaya), there is no anomaly. The pot, the lump and the clayness are not separate from the substance of clay; in the same way, origination (utpāda), permanence (dhrauvya) and destruction (vyaya) are the same as the substance (dravya).