[Pulkitm]

Refractory metals

Refractory metals have a high melting point and retain their strength at elevated temperatures.
Applications are electronics, nuclear power and chemical industries.
Molybdenum, columbium, tungsten, and tantalum are referred to as refractory metal.

Surface Hardening Methods

Flame hardening
Induction heating
High-frequency resistance heating
Electron beam heating
Laser beam heating