<![CDATA[Front Desk Architects and Planners Forum - Urban Development and Management]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/ Fri, 23 Oct 2026 06:55:34 +0000 MyBB <![CDATA[development potential and pricing in UD & Balancing Affordable Housing and Profit]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3626 Tue, 17 Oct 2023 06:11:43 +0000 Kaoru Takara]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3626
Development Potential:

1. Site Assessment: Identifying the development potential begins with a detailed assessment of the site, including factors like location, size, current land use, and infrastructure. Understanding the site's constraints and opportunities is essential.

2. Zoning and Land Use Regulations: Municipalities often set zoning and land use regulations that define what types of development are allowed in specific areas. Developers must assess how these regulations impact development potential.

3. Market Analysis: Analyzing market demand for various types of properties (residential, commercial, industrial) helps determine the potential for profit generation. Developers need to consider the market's appetite for different types of developments.

4. Infrastructure and Utility Capacity: The capacity of existing infrastructure and utilities, such as water supply, sewage, and transportation, significantly affects the development potential. Upgrading or expanding these services may be necessary.

5. Economic Viability: Development potential also depends on the economic conditions in the region. A municipality with a robust economy is more likely to attract investors and developers.

6. Public and Private Partnerships: Collaboration between public and private entities can unlock additional development potential by combining resources and expertise.

Pricing in Urban Redevelopment:

1. Land Valuation: Determining the fair market value of the land is crucial. This valuation should consider factors such as location, size, current use, and potential use under redevelopment.

2. Affordable Housing Mandates: Municipalities can incorporate requirements for affordable housing within redevelopment projects, either through inclusionary zoning policies or negotiated agreements with developers.

3. Density Bonuses: Incentivizing developers to include affordable housing units by offering density bonuses or other financial incentives can encourage affordable housing development.

4. Tax Incentives: Tax credits, abatements, or exemptions for developers who commit to affordable housing can be used to encourage developers to price units at more affordable rates.

5. Subsidies and Grants: Providing financial support to affordable housing developers through subsidies and grants helps bridge the affordability gap.

Balancing Affordable Housing and Profit Generation:

Striking a balance between affordable housing and profit generation can be achieved through various strategies:

1. Mixed-Use Development: Integrate affordable housing units within mixed-use developments. This can cross-subsidize affordable housing with income generated from commercial or market-rate residential components.

2. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborate with private developers to create affordable housing units while ensuring that the financial arrangements are structured to be mutually beneficial.

3. Incentive Zoning: Use incentive zoning mechanisms to encourage developers to include affordable housing. This can be linked to zoning bonuses, tax incentives, or reduced development fees.

4. Land Trusts: Establish land trusts to retain ownership of the land and control future development, ensuring a long-term supply of affordable housing.

5. Community Land Banking: Reserve land for affordable housing through community land banks to address housing affordability challenges.

6. Transparency and Accountability: Ensure that all pricing and development decisions are transparent and subject to public scrutiny, holding both public and private actors accountable.

7. Continuous Monitoring: Regularly monitor the impact of redevelopment projects on housing affordability and make necessary adjustments to policies as needed.

Striking a balance between affordable housing and profit generation requires a nuanced and adaptable approach, tailored to the specific needs and conditions of each urban area. Collaboration between municipalities, developers, and the community is key to achieving sustainable, inclusive, and economically viable urban redevelopment.]]>
Development Potential:

1. Site Assessment: Identifying the development potential begins with a detailed assessment of the site, including factors like location, size, current land use, and infrastructure. Understanding the site's constraints and opportunities is essential.

2. Zoning and Land Use Regulations: Municipalities often set zoning and land use regulations that define what types of development are allowed in specific areas. Developers must assess how these regulations impact development potential.

3. Market Analysis: Analyzing market demand for various types of properties (residential, commercial, industrial) helps determine the potential for profit generation. Developers need to consider the market's appetite for different types of developments.

4. Infrastructure and Utility Capacity: The capacity of existing infrastructure and utilities, such as water supply, sewage, and transportation, significantly affects the development potential. Upgrading or expanding these services may be necessary.

5. Economic Viability: Development potential also depends on the economic conditions in the region. A municipality with a robust economy is more likely to attract investors and developers.

6. Public and Private Partnerships: Collaboration between public and private entities can unlock additional development potential by combining resources and expertise.

Pricing in Urban Redevelopment:

1. Land Valuation: Determining the fair market value of the land is crucial. This valuation should consider factors such as location, size, current use, and potential use under redevelopment.

2. Affordable Housing Mandates: Municipalities can incorporate requirements for affordable housing within redevelopment projects, either through inclusionary zoning policies or negotiated agreements with developers.

3. Density Bonuses: Incentivizing developers to include affordable housing units by offering density bonuses or other financial incentives can encourage affordable housing development.

4. Tax Incentives: Tax credits, abatements, or exemptions for developers who commit to affordable housing can be used to encourage developers to price units at more affordable rates.

5. Subsidies and Grants: Providing financial support to affordable housing developers through subsidies and grants helps bridge the affordability gap.

Balancing Affordable Housing and Profit Generation:

Striking a balance between affordable housing and profit generation can be achieved through various strategies:

1. Mixed-Use Development: Integrate affordable housing units within mixed-use developments. This can cross-subsidize affordable housing with income generated from commercial or market-rate residential components.

2. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborate with private developers to create affordable housing units while ensuring that the financial arrangements are structured to be mutually beneficial.

3. Incentive Zoning: Use incentive zoning mechanisms to encourage developers to include affordable housing. This can be linked to zoning bonuses, tax incentives, or reduced development fees.

4. Land Trusts: Establish land trusts to retain ownership of the land and control future development, ensuring a long-term supply of affordable housing.

5. Community Land Banking: Reserve land for affordable housing through community land banks to address housing affordability challenges.

6. Transparency and Accountability: Ensure that all pricing and development decisions are transparent and subject to public scrutiny, holding both public and private actors accountable.

7. Continuous Monitoring: Regularly monitor the impact of redevelopment projects on housing affordability and make necessary adjustments to policies as needed.

Striking a balance between affordable housing and profit generation requires a nuanced and adaptable approach, tailored to the specific needs and conditions of each urban area. Collaboration between municipalities, developers, and the community is key to achieving sustainable, inclusive, and economically viable urban redevelopment.]]> <![CDATA[Evaluate the role of private sector in urban redevelopment]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3625 Tue, 17 Oct 2023 06:06:55 +0000 R B Singh]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3625 The private sector can play a role in urban redevelopment by:
  • Developing and maintaining infrastructure and services
  • Promoting and expanding existing businesses
  • Addressing inefficiencies in the local economy
  • Promoting human capital development
  • Offering services such as energy management or data monitoring
  • Shaping the built environment
  • Providing urban bus or rail services
 

However, relying on private investment for urban redevelopment projects also has advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of Private Sector Involvement:
1. Efficiency and Innovation: Private sector entities often bring efficiency and innovation to redevelopment projects. They can streamline processes, reduce costs, and introduce cutting-edge technologies and design concepts.
2. Financial Resources: Private investors can provide substantial financial resources, reducing the burden on public budgets. This enables larger and more ambitious projects to be undertaken.
3. Risk Sharing: Private firms often assume a significant portion of the financial risk associated with redevelopment projects. They invest their own capital and seek a return on investment, incentivizing them to ensure project success.
4. Project Delivery: Private sector involvement can lead to faster project delivery, as private firms typically have experience in project management and are focused on timely completion to begin generating returns on their investment.
5. Innovation in Design and Sustainability: Private developers often introduce innovative, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing designs that can transform urban areas into attractive, eco-friendly, and modern spaces.
6. Expertise and Specialization: Private developers specialize in various aspects of real estate, such as residential, commercial, or industrial development, bringing expertise and experience to specific urban redevelopment needs.

Disadvantages of Private Sector Involvement:
1. Profit Motive: Private sector entities are primarily profit-driven, which can lead to a focus on projects that promise the highest returns. This may neglect areas that are socially or economically marginalized but still in need of redevelopment.

2. Gentrification and Displacement: Private investments can inadvertently lead to gentrification, increasing property values and rents, which may displace lower-income residents. This can have negative social consequences.

3. Short-Term Focus: Private developers may prioritize short-term gains over long-term community benefits, leading to decisions that might not be in the best interest of the local community's future.

4. Lack of Accountability: Private firms might not be as accountable to the public as public entities, which can sometimes lead to inadequate community input and transparency.

5. Risk of Financial Failure: If private investors encounter financial difficulties or the market faces a downturn, they might abandon projects or leave them incomplete, potentially harming the urban environment.

6. Quality vs. Profit Trade-off: In some cases, private developers may compromise on construction quality and materials to maximize profits, which can negatively impact the long-term sustainability and safety of the redevelopment.

7. Loss of Public Control: Public assets, such as land or infrastructure, can be transferred to private hands, reducing public control and influence over urban development.


To mitigate the disadvantages while leveraging the advantages of private sector involvement, it's essential to establish clear public-private partnerships with robust regulatory and contractual frameworks. These should ensure that the public's interests, such as affordable housing, environmental sustainability, and community engagement, are protected. The selection of private partners, public oversight, and careful planning are key to a successful balance between public and private investment in urban redevelopment.]]> The private sector can play a role in urban redevelopment by:
  • Developing and maintaining infrastructure and services
  • Promoting and expanding existing businesses
  • Addressing inefficiencies in the local economy
  • Promoting human capital development
  • Offering services such as energy management or data monitoring
  • Shaping the built environment
  • Providing urban bus or rail services
 

However, relying on private investment for urban redevelopment projects also has advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of Private Sector Involvement:
1. Efficiency and Innovation: Private sector entities often bring efficiency and innovation to redevelopment projects. They can streamline processes, reduce costs, and introduce cutting-edge technologies and design concepts.
2. Financial Resources: Private investors can provide substantial financial resources, reducing the burden on public budgets. This enables larger and more ambitious projects to be undertaken.
3. Risk Sharing: Private firms often assume a significant portion of the financial risk associated with redevelopment projects. They invest their own capital and seek a return on investment, incentivizing them to ensure project success.
4. Project Delivery: Private sector involvement can lead to faster project delivery, as private firms typically have experience in project management and are focused on timely completion to begin generating returns on their investment.
5. Innovation in Design and Sustainability: Private developers often introduce innovative, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing designs that can transform urban areas into attractive, eco-friendly, and modern spaces.
6. Expertise and Specialization: Private developers specialize in various aspects of real estate, such as residential, commercial, or industrial development, bringing expertise and experience to specific urban redevelopment needs.

Disadvantages of Private Sector Involvement:
1. Profit Motive: Private sector entities are primarily profit-driven, which can lead to a focus on projects that promise the highest returns. This may neglect areas that are socially or economically marginalized but still in need of redevelopment.

2. Gentrification and Displacement: Private investments can inadvertently lead to gentrification, increasing property values and rents, which may displace lower-income residents. This can have negative social consequences.

3. Short-Term Focus: Private developers may prioritize short-term gains over long-term community benefits, leading to decisions that might not be in the best interest of the local community's future.

4. Lack of Accountability: Private firms might not be as accountable to the public as public entities, which can sometimes lead to inadequate community input and transparency.

5. Risk of Financial Failure: If private investors encounter financial difficulties or the market faces a downturn, they might abandon projects or leave them incomplete, potentially harming the urban environment.

6. Quality vs. Profit Trade-off: In some cases, private developers may compromise on construction quality and materials to maximize profits, which can negatively impact the long-term sustainability and safety of the redevelopment.

7. Loss of Public Control: Public assets, such as land or infrastructure, can be transferred to private hands, reducing public control and influence over urban development.


To mitigate the disadvantages while leveraging the advantages of private sector involvement, it's essential to establish clear public-private partnerships with robust regulatory and contractual frameworks. These should ensure that the public's interests, such as affordable housing, environmental sustainability, and community engagement, are protected. The selection of private partners, public oversight, and careful planning are key to a successful balance between public and private investment in urban redevelopment.]]> <![CDATA[Renewing urban areas through housing and mixed-use development]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3624 Tue, 17 Oct 2023 05:59:52 +0000 Swati Ramanathan]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3624 Process of Renewing Urban Areas through Housing and Mixed-Use Development:
1. Needs Assessment and Planning:
  - Identify the needs of the community, including housing demands, infrastructure deficiencies, and economic opportunities.
  - Develop a comprehensive plan that outlines the scope of the project, land use, zoning regulations, and design guidelines.
2. Community Engagement:
  - Involve the local community in the planning process to ensure their input is considered.
  - Gather feedback, address concerns, and create a sense of ownership among residents.
3. Zoning and Land Use Regulations:
  - Update or create zoning regulations that permit mixed-use development, which may involve changing land use designations and density requirements.
4. Infrastructure Improvement:
  - Upgrade transportation networks, utilities, and public spaces to support the increased population and commercial activity.
5. Public-Private Partnerships:
  - Seek collaborations between government entities, private developers, and other stakeholders to fund and execute the project.
6. Affordable Housing Inclusion:
  - Ensure that a portion of the housing units is reserved for affordable housing to maintain socio-economic diversity.

7. Design and Architecture:
  - Develop an urban design plan that includes architectural standards to create a visually appealing and cohesive development.
8. Environmental Considerations:
  - Integrate sustainable practices, such as green building standards, energy efficiency, and waste management.
9. Economic Development:
  - Attract businesses and commercial enterprises to create job opportunities and enhance the area's economic viability.
10. Construction and Development:
    - Begin construction, starting with infrastructure improvements and following with housing and commercial buildings.
11. Public Spaces and Amenities:
    - Develop parks, plazas, recreational areas, and community facilities to enhance the quality of life for residents.
12. Retail and Commercial Spaces:
    - Incorporate retail outlets, restaurants, and entertainment venues that cater to the local community and attract visitors.
13. Ongoing Management and Maintenance:
    - Establish management and maintenance strategies to ensure the long-term sustainability and vitality of the mixed-use development.

Case Study: Phoenix Marketcity, Pune, India
Phoenix Marketcity in Pune, Maharashtra, is a successful mixed-use development project in India. It combines retail, entertainment, dining, office spaces, and residential units to create a vibrant urban hub. Here's how the project exemplifies the process:

1. Needs Assessment and Planning:
  - Pune's growing population demanded more shopping and entertainment options.

2. Community Engagement:
  - Developers engaged with local residents and businesses to understand their needs and concerns.

3. Zoning and Land Use Regulations:
  - The project adhered to Pune's development regulations, with zoning that permitted mixed-use development.

4. Infrastructure Improvement:
  - The development includes improved road access and parking facilities.

5. Public-Private Partnerships:
  - Phoenix Marketcity was developed through a partnership between The Phoenix Mills Ltd. and local authorities.

6. Affordable Housing Inclusion:
  - The residential component offers a range of housing options, catering to various income groups.

7. Design and Architecture:
  - The development features modern and aesthetically pleasing architectural design.

8. Environmental Considerations:
  - Phoenix Marketcity incorporates sustainable features, including energy-efficient lighting and waste management.

9. Economic Development:
  - The project has attracted numerous retail and business establishments, creating job opportunities.

10. Public Spaces and Amenities:
    - The development includes public plazas, landscaped gardens, and event spaces.

11. Retail and Commercial Spaces:
    - Phoenix Marketcity boasts a vast retail space with a variety of shops, restaurants, and entertainment options.

12. Ongoing Management and Maintenance:
    - Effective management ensures that the facilities remain well-maintained and continue to attract visitors.

Phoenix Marketcity has transformed the area into a bustling commercial and social center, catering to the needs of the community while contributing to the economic development of Pune. It demonstrates how mixed-use developments can rejuvenate urban areas and enhance the quality of life for residents.]]> Process of Renewing Urban Areas through Housing and Mixed-Use Development:
1. Needs Assessment and Planning:
  - Identify the needs of the community, including housing demands, infrastructure deficiencies, and economic opportunities.
  - Develop a comprehensive plan that outlines the scope of the project, land use, zoning regulations, and design guidelines.
2. Community Engagement:
  - Involve the local community in the planning process to ensure their input is considered.
  - Gather feedback, address concerns, and create a sense of ownership among residents.
3. Zoning and Land Use Regulations:
  - Update or create zoning regulations that permit mixed-use development, which may involve changing land use designations and density requirements.
4. Infrastructure Improvement:
  - Upgrade transportation networks, utilities, and public spaces to support the increased population and commercial activity.
5. Public-Private Partnerships:
  - Seek collaborations between government entities, private developers, and other stakeholders to fund and execute the project.
6. Affordable Housing Inclusion:
  - Ensure that a portion of the housing units is reserved for affordable housing to maintain socio-economic diversity.

7. Design and Architecture:
  - Develop an urban design plan that includes architectural standards to create a visually appealing and cohesive development.
8. Environmental Considerations:
  - Integrate sustainable practices, such as green building standards, energy efficiency, and waste management.
9. Economic Development:
  - Attract businesses and commercial enterprises to create job opportunities and enhance the area's economic viability.
10. Construction and Development:
    - Begin construction, starting with infrastructure improvements and following with housing and commercial buildings.
11. Public Spaces and Amenities:
    - Develop parks, plazas, recreational areas, and community facilities to enhance the quality of life for residents.
12. Retail and Commercial Spaces:
    - Incorporate retail outlets, restaurants, and entertainment venues that cater to the local community and attract visitors.
13. Ongoing Management and Maintenance:
    - Establish management and maintenance strategies to ensure the long-term sustainability and vitality of the mixed-use development.

Case Study: Phoenix Marketcity, Pune, India
Phoenix Marketcity in Pune, Maharashtra, is a successful mixed-use development project in India. It combines retail, entertainment, dining, office spaces, and residential units to create a vibrant urban hub. Here's how the project exemplifies the process:

1. Needs Assessment and Planning:
  - Pune's growing population demanded more shopping and entertainment options.

2. Community Engagement:
  - Developers engaged with local residents and businesses to understand their needs and concerns.

3. Zoning and Land Use Regulations:
  - The project adhered to Pune's development regulations, with zoning that permitted mixed-use development.

4. Infrastructure Improvement:
  - The development includes improved road access and parking facilities.

5. Public-Private Partnerships:
  - Phoenix Marketcity was developed through a partnership between The Phoenix Mills Ltd. and local authorities.

6. Affordable Housing Inclusion:
  - The residential component offers a range of housing options, catering to various income groups.

7. Design and Architecture:
  - The development features modern and aesthetically pleasing architectural design.

8. Environmental Considerations:
  - Phoenix Marketcity incorporates sustainable features, including energy-efficient lighting and waste management.

9. Economic Development:
  - The project has attracted numerous retail and business establishments, creating job opportunities.

10. Public Spaces and Amenities:
    - The development includes public plazas, landscaped gardens, and event spaces.

11. Retail and Commercial Spaces:
    - Phoenix Marketcity boasts a vast retail space with a variety of shops, restaurants, and entertainment options.

12. Ongoing Management and Maintenance:
    - Effective management ensures that the facilities remain well-maintained and continue to attract visitors.

Phoenix Marketcity has transformed the area into a bustling commercial and social center, catering to the needs of the community while contributing to the economic development of Pune. It demonstrates how mixed-use developments can rejuvenate urban areas and enhance the quality of life for residents.]]> <![CDATA[key strategies for urban redevelopment with example]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3623 Tue, 17 Oct 2023 05:53:21 +0000 fdaforum]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=3623
Urban redevelopment in India is a complex and dynamic process, given the country's unique challenges, diverse culture, and rapid urbanization. Here are key strategies for successful urban redevelopment in India, along with examples to illustrate these points:

1. Smart City Initiatives:
  - Example: The city of Surat, Gujarat, is a notable example. It has undertaken various smart city projects to improve infrastructure, transportation, and public services, focusing on sustainability and technology integration.

2. Heritage Preservation and Restoration:
  - Example: The historic city of Jaipur, Rajasthan, is renowned for its efforts in preserving its cultural heritage. The restoration of heritage buildings and the city's pink architecture is a prime example of this strategy.

3. Slum Rehabilitation:
  - Example: Dharavi in Mumbai is one of Asia's largest slums. The Dharavi Redevelopment Project aims to provide improved housing, sanitation, and economic opportunities to the slum dwellers, promoting better living conditions.

4. Mixed-Use Development:
  - Example: Cyberabad in Hyderabad is a prime example of mixed-use development. It combines residential, commercial, and industrial zones, fostering economic growth and employment opportunities.

5. Public-Private Partnerships:
  - Example: The redevelopment of Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, involved numerous public-private partnerships, focusing on infrastructure development, housing, and urban planning.

6. Affordable Housing Initiatives:
  - Example: The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a national affordable housing initiative. It aims to provide affordable housing to economically weaker sections and lower-income groups across India.

7. Transportation and Infrastructure Improvements:
  - Example: The Delhi Metro is a transformative infrastructure project. It has significantly improved connectivity and reduced traffic congestion in the national capital region.

8. Sustainable Urban Planning:
  - Example: Lavasa, near Pune, is a privately planned city that emphasizes environmental sustainability. It integrates green building practices, waste management, and renewable energy solutions.

9. Inclusive Development:
  - Example: The Kochi Metro in Kerala is designed with accessibility in mind, offering facilities for the differently-abled and integrating various modes of transport, making it an inclusive urban development initiative.

10. Waterfront Redevelopment:
    - Example: The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project in Ahmedabad has transformed the riverbanks into a lively public space, offering recreational facilities, housing, and commercial spaces.

11. Redevelopment of Old Markets and Commercial Districts:
    - Example: The Connaught Place redevelopment in Delhi revitalized one of the city's historic commercial areas. It involved structural restoration and improved amenities to attract businesses and tourists.

12. Technology and Innovation Integration:
    - Example: Amaravati, the proposed capital of Andhra Pradesh, is being designed as a "smart city" from the ground up, incorporating innovative technology solutions for urban management.

13. Waste Management and Cleanliness Initiatives:
    - Example: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Campaign) aims to address sanitation and waste management issues across the country, fostering cleaner and healthier cities.

14. Redevelopment of Industrial Areas:
    - Example: The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Pune transformed a formerly industrial area into a vibrant IT hub, attracting businesses and creating jobs.

15. Community Participation and Stakeholder Engagement:
    - Example: The Malleshwaram Swabhiman Initiative in Bangalore engages the local community in the redevelopment process, ensuring their needs and aspirations are considered.

In India, successful urban redevelopment often involves a combination of these strategies, taking into account the local context and needs of the community. Due to the country's immense diversity and the scale of urbanization, it's crucial to adapt these strategies to specific cities or regions for sustainable and inclusive development.]]>
Urban redevelopment in India is a complex and dynamic process, given the country's unique challenges, diverse culture, and rapid urbanization. Here are key strategies for successful urban redevelopment in India, along with examples to illustrate these points:

1. Smart City Initiatives:
  - Example: The city of Surat, Gujarat, is a notable example. It has undertaken various smart city projects to improve infrastructure, transportation, and public services, focusing on sustainability and technology integration.

2. Heritage Preservation and Restoration:
  - Example: The historic city of Jaipur, Rajasthan, is renowned for its efforts in preserving its cultural heritage. The restoration of heritage buildings and the city's pink architecture is a prime example of this strategy.

3. Slum Rehabilitation:
  - Example: Dharavi in Mumbai is one of Asia's largest slums. The Dharavi Redevelopment Project aims to provide improved housing, sanitation, and economic opportunities to the slum dwellers, promoting better living conditions.

4. Mixed-Use Development:
  - Example: Cyberabad in Hyderabad is a prime example of mixed-use development. It combines residential, commercial, and industrial zones, fostering economic growth and employment opportunities.

5. Public-Private Partnerships:
  - Example: The redevelopment of Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, involved numerous public-private partnerships, focusing on infrastructure development, housing, and urban planning.

6. Affordable Housing Initiatives:
  - Example: The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a national affordable housing initiative. It aims to provide affordable housing to economically weaker sections and lower-income groups across India.

7. Transportation and Infrastructure Improvements:
  - Example: The Delhi Metro is a transformative infrastructure project. It has significantly improved connectivity and reduced traffic congestion in the national capital region.

8. Sustainable Urban Planning:
  - Example: Lavasa, near Pune, is a privately planned city that emphasizes environmental sustainability. It integrates green building practices, waste management, and renewable energy solutions.

9. Inclusive Development:
  - Example: The Kochi Metro in Kerala is designed with accessibility in mind, offering facilities for the differently-abled and integrating various modes of transport, making it an inclusive urban development initiative.

10. Waterfront Redevelopment:
    - Example: The Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project in Ahmedabad has transformed the riverbanks into a lively public space, offering recreational facilities, housing, and commercial spaces.

11. Redevelopment of Old Markets and Commercial Districts:
    - Example: The Connaught Place redevelopment in Delhi revitalized one of the city's historic commercial areas. It involved structural restoration and improved amenities to attract businesses and tourists.

12. Technology and Innovation Integration:
    - Example: Amaravati, the proposed capital of Andhra Pradesh, is being designed as a "smart city" from the ground up, incorporating innovative technology solutions for urban management.

13. Waste Management and Cleanliness Initiatives:
    - Example: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Campaign) aims to address sanitation and waste management issues across the country, fostering cleaner and healthier cities.

14. Redevelopment of Industrial Areas:
    - Example: The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park in Pune transformed a formerly industrial area into a vibrant IT hub, attracting businesses and creating jobs.

15. Community Participation and Stakeholder Engagement:
    - Example: The Malleshwaram Swabhiman Initiative in Bangalore engages the local community in the redevelopment process, ensuring their needs and aspirations are considered.

In India, successful urban redevelopment often involves a combination of these strategies, taking into account the local context and needs of the community. Due to the country's immense diversity and the scale of urbanization, it's crucial to adapt these strategies to specific cities or regions for sustainable and inclusive development.]]> <![CDATA[Urban Development Management- Lecture Notes]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2978 Sun, 23 Aug 2020 15:27:41 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2978 Urban Development Management 
20 Aug 2023

Content : 

  1. Definition of Development Management
  2. What is Development Management ?
  3. Aspect of Development Management
  4. Scope of Development management
  5. Role of Development management (DM) in Economic development
  6. Decision making process in urban development
  7. Factors of Decision making process  in urban development
  8. Legal Framework
  9. Stakeholder’s Participation
  10. Administrative empowerment
  11. Capital Budget
  12. Land Management
  13. Urban Management
  14. Scope of Urban Management
  15. Sectors of Urban Management
  16. Management of Urban services
  17. Performance Parameters Indicators and Benchmarks 
  18. Performance Management System 
  19. Economic concepts of land
  20. Land Value / Price  
  21. Economic principles of land use
  22. Land use demand forecast
  23. Type of property development
  24. Aspects of real estate demand  
  25. Demand side management
  26. Land Supply and Development methods  
  27. Strategies and evaluation of redevelopment 
  28. Investment and Funding of Urban Redevelopment Schemes 
  29. Role of private sector in Development 
  30. Cluster Redevelopment Mechanism 
  31. Bhendi Bazaar Redevelopment Project 
  32. Community participation

.pdf Urban Development Management co1 & co2 2023.pdf Size: 653.5 KB  Downloads: 10


.pdf Urban Development Management.pdf Size: 1.05 MB  Downloads: 176


register as member and login to download attachment [pdf] 
use for Educational Purposes Only]]> Urban Development Management 
20 Aug 2023

Content : 

  1. Definition of Development Management
  2. What is Development Management ?
  3. Aspect of Development Management
  4. Scope of Development management
  5. Role of Development management (DM) in Economic development
  6. Decision making process in urban development
  7. Factors of Decision making process  in urban development
  8. Legal Framework
  9. Stakeholder’s Participation
  10. Administrative empowerment
  11. Capital Budget
  12. Land Management
  13. Urban Management
  14. Scope of Urban Management
  15. Sectors of Urban Management
  16. Management of Urban services
  17. Performance Parameters Indicators and Benchmarks 
  18. Performance Management System 
  19. Economic concepts of land
  20. Land Value / Price  
  21. Economic principles of land use
  22. Land use demand forecast
  23. Type of property development
  24. Aspects of real estate demand  
  25. Demand side management
  26. Land Supply and Development methods  
  27. Strategies and evaluation of redevelopment 
  28. Investment and Funding of Urban Redevelopment Schemes 
  29. Role of private sector in Development 
  30. Cluster Redevelopment Mechanism 
  31. Bhendi Bazaar Redevelopment Project 
  32. Community participation

.pdf Urban Development Management co1 & co2 2023.pdf Size: 653.5 KB  Downloads: 10


.pdf Urban Development Management.pdf Size: 1.05 MB  Downloads: 176


register as member and login to download attachment [pdf] 
use for Educational Purposes Only]]> <![CDATA[THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT-Frank A. Heller]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2976 Thu, 13 Aug 2020 09:33:29 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2976 THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Prof. Frank A. Heller, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

Who has a greater impact on economic development, the manager who produces goods and services, or the government economist who prepares fiscal policies and budget strategies? This may not be a fair question, put in such stark contrast, yet I believe that most businessmen and Government officials in underdeveloped countries would vote unhesitatingly for the economist. Of course, it would be persuasively argued that business has a crucial part to play, as long as the economic stage is properly set accord ing to the appropriate rules and conventions of fiscal policy. While it is difficult to deny the logic of such an argument, this article will attempt to show that in many of the so called "economically developing countries, responsible people should pause longer than they customarily do before answering the question which this article poses.

The arguments on either side are of considerable importance to the businessmen, be he in the highly industrialized or in the newly developing countries. If informed public opinion is right in putting its money on the economist, then the indigenous businessman would be justified in sitting back calmly until all the ground rules had been properly developed and implemented, waiting for the referee's whistle as it were, before throwing his energies into the battle. Unfortunately, in the poorer countries this is to some extent, what actually happens. To be sure, the businessman does not really withdraw altogether, but he prefers to be minimally involved and to wait for the Government to make all the important moves before he is willing to commit his unstinting resources.

Furthermore, it seems that neither the specialist in development, nor the businessman, can be persuaded by the mere example of history, for it can be shown that neither in Europe, where the industrial revolution started, nor in the United States, where it reached its highest form, did anything like favourable conditions exist before the great inventors and entrepreneurs set to work to fashion our modern way of life. Communication and banking systems were rudimentary, the workers largely untrained and the Government and the entrenched interests often more indifferent than benevolent. In the welter of sophisticated arguments and emotions the simple fact that neither Government, nor economists, nor policies can in themselves produce wealth, is often overlooked.
Macro Economic Prescriptions
Before giving examples and research evidence, of weaknesses in modern management in developing countries, let us briefly look at the traditional economic position. It is said that the fate of underdeveloped countries depend, inter alia, on the following factors:
1. The amount of capital and technical knowledge that can be obtained.
2. Stimulating export
3. Keeping a reasonable balance of payments and a low rate of inflation.
4. The availability of a suitable network of communications, such as roads and air ports, etc. Since this requires capital, it brings us back to point 1.

These are the prescriptions for the poorer countries that we hear about again and again, in lectures, in textbooks and in voluminous reports. The role of business and its managers in the process of development is hardly ever mentioned. Yet, it can be shown that the first three of these four factors certainly depend to a considerable extent on the effectiveness of individual businesses, their consequent capacity to save some of their resources and their willingness to invest this saving for future growth.

The currently fashionable analysis based on what is called "macro" economics, rather than on "micro" problems, such as the effectiveness of the individual firm, leads to negative attitudes on the part of businessmen. The manager is inclined to do very little himself and to blame the government a great deal. Even more important, perhaps, is the fact that the "classical" prescriptions of the macro-economist are likely to have particularly dismal results for the newly developing countries in the next few years. What are the hard facts? The need for large infusions of finance, particularly on the desirable long term basis, conflicts with the present acute shortage of capital all over the world and the prevailing high rates of interest. The suggestion that budgets should]]> THE ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Prof. Frank A. Heller, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

Who has a greater impact on economic development, the manager who produces goods and services, or the government economist who prepares fiscal policies and budget strategies? This may not be a fair question, put in such stark contrast, yet I believe that most businessmen and Government officials in underdeveloped countries would vote unhesitatingly for the economist. Of course, it would be persuasively argued that business has a crucial part to play, as long as the economic stage is properly set accord ing to the appropriate rules and conventions of fiscal policy. While it is difficult to deny the logic of such an argument, this article will attempt to show that in many of the so called "economically developing countries, responsible people should pause longer than they customarily do before answering the question which this article poses.

The arguments on either side are of considerable importance to the businessmen, be he in the highly industrialized or in the newly developing countries. If informed public opinion is right in putting its money on the economist, then the indigenous businessman would be justified in sitting back calmly until all the ground rules had been properly developed and implemented, waiting for the referee's whistle as it were, before throwing his energies into the battle. Unfortunately, in the poorer countries this is to some extent, what actually happens. To be sure, the businessman does not really withdraw altogether, but he prefers to be minimally involved and to wait for the Government to make all the important moves before he is willing to commit his unstinting resources.

Furthermore, it seems that neither the specialist in development, nor the businessman, can be persuaded by the mere example of history, for it can be shown that neither in Europe, where the industrial revolution started, nor in the United States, where it reached its highest form, did anything like favourable conditions exist before the great inventors and entrepreneurs set to work to fashion our modern way of life. Communication and banking systems were rudimentary, the workers largely untrained and the Government and the entrenched interests often more indifferent than benevolent. In the welter of sophisticated arguments and emotions the simple fact that neither Government, nor economists, nor policies can in themselves produce wealth, is often overlooked.
Macro Economic Prescriptions
Before giving examples and research evidence, of weaknesses in modern management in developing countries, let us briefly look at the traditional economic position. It is said that the fate of underdeveloped countries depend, inter alia, on the following factors:
1. The amount of capital and technical knowledge that can be obtained.
2. Stimulating export
3. Keeping a reasonable balance of payments and a low rate of inflation.
4. The availability of a suitable network of communications, such as roads and air ports, etc. Since this requires capital, it brings us back to point 1.

These are the prescriptions for the poorer countries that we hear about again and again, in lectures, in textbooks and in voluminous reports. The role of business and its managers in the process of development is hardly ever mentioned. Yet, it can be shown that the first three of these four factors certainly depend to a considerable extent on the effectiveness of individual businesses, their consequent capacity to save some of their resources and their willingness to invest this saving for future growth.

The currently fashionable analysis based on what is called "macro" economics, rather than on "micro" problems, such as the effectiveness of the individual firm, leads to negative attitudes on the part of businessmen. The manager is inclined to do very little himself and to blame the government a great deal. Even more important, perhaps, is the fact that the "classical" prescriptions of the macro-economist are likely to have particularly dismal results for the newly developing countries in the next few years. What are the hard facts? The need for large infusions of finance, particularly on the desirable long term basis, conflicts with the present acute shortage of capital all over the world and the prevailing high rates of interest. The suggestion that budgets should]]> <![CDATA[Urban Development Management, Governance & Finance - Syllabus]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2975 Thu, 13 Aug 2020 09:22:40 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2975 Urban Development Management, Governance & Finance

Introduction to Development Management
Definition, objectives and scope of management; Role of management in developing economy; Decision making process and corporate activity in urban development; Application of management techniques in urban planning and development.

Land Economics and Real Estate Development, Urban Redevelopment
Economic concepts of land, land pricing/ valuation; economic principles of land use; demand forecasting for land use: factors affecting land supply and demand; land development methods, supply management, Demand side management; real estate markets, type of property development and its impact on supply and demand, method of development, environmental considerations. Strategies and evaluation of redevelopment; role of public sector agencies in redevelopment; Area based redevelopment Initiatives; Property led redevelopment policies; Investment and Funding of Urban Redevelopment Schemes; Role of private sector; Development Potential and Pricing; Plot reconstitution; Renewal through Housing and Mixed Use Development; Community Participation

Urban Governance, Institutions and Organizations
Urban Governance- Definition, concepts and components; hierarchy and structure, form of governance; Institutional and organizational framework, existing institutional and organizational setting for urban management in India; distribution of responsibilities ; special purpose vehicles (SPV’s) in the urban sector ; significance of organizational framework; Difference between institutions and organizations;

Urban Local Governance and its Reforms
Urban local governance- type, organization, power , functions, resource, state supervision control and their working; improvement trust- organizations, scope of their powers and functions and their working; City development authorities: organizations, scope of their power and functions, resources, and their working; administrative reforms in local governance; Organizational Restructuring of Local Governments; capacity building; NGO’s

Participatory Process in Urban Governance
Stakeholder participation- roles and responsibilities, access to governments; Citizen Participation in urban development and management; Inter-organizational relations and coordination at local level; role of digital engagement and social media


Development Finance

Overview of Development Finance
Development Finance- approaches, concepts, components, process, credits rating; Role of Improvement Trusts, Development Authorities, SEZs and Special Purpose Vehicles(SPV) in Urban finance Management.

State and Municipal Finance
Central Finance Commission (CFC) and State Finance Commission (SFC)- Constitution, Powers and Functions; Consolidated Fund (Central and State); Centrally Sponsored Schemes; Municipal Finance- Categorization of Municipal Sources of Revenue, Internal Vs. External Revenue, Capital Vs. Revenue Receipt; Municipal Finance Assessment Framework; Reforms in Municipal Finance- Unit Area Method in Property Tax Calculation, Rationalization of User Charges; Streamlining Municipal Tax Administration 

Investment Planning and Appraisal
Investment Planning- Process, components and investment needs; budgeting, finance investments in infrastructure and services; Manpower planning- performance appraisal, motivational aspects; Integrated reporting system, works standard oriented cost control, turnkey system, inventory cost control technique, unified status index technique.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) 
Concept , need, preconditions for Partnerships; Advantages of Collaboration, Methods of Promoting Participation, Regulations and Administrative Procedures; Role of Government as Partner, Regulator and Enforcer; Principles of PPP- Contractual Framework, Selection of Service Provider, Payment Mechanism,
Monitoring and Evaluation, Risk and Revenue Sharing; Regulatory Authority for PPP; Model Contract
Agreement.

Innovative Methods of Financing Urban Development
Monetary Exaction- Betterment Levy, Impact Fee, External Development Charges and Vacant Land Development Tax; Land Exactions- TDR, Town Planning Scheme , Monetisation of Underutilised Public Assets; Valorisation Charges; External Finance- Debt Financing, PPP, Financial Intermediaries, Municipal Bond, Pooled Finance.]]> Urban Development Management, Governance & Finance

Introduction to Development Management
Definition, objectives and scope of management; Role of management in developing economy; Decision making process and corporate activity in urban development; Application of management techniques in urban planning and development.

Land Economics and Real Estate Development, Urban Redevelopment
Economic concepts of land, land pricing/ valuation; economic principles of land use; demand forecasting for land use: factors affecting land supply and demand; land development methods, supply management, Demand side management; real estate markets, type of property development and its impact on supply and demand, method of development, environmental considerations. Strategies and evaluation of redevelopment; role of public sector agencies in redevelopment; Area based redevelopment Initiatives; Property led redevelopment policies; Investment and Funding of Urban Redevelopment Schemes; Role of private sector; Development Potential and Pricing; Plot reconstitution; Renewal through Housing and Mixed Use Development; Community Participation

Urban Governance, Institutions and Organizations
Urban Governance- Definition, concepts and components; hierarchy and structure, form of governance; Institutional and organizational framework, existing institutional and organizational setting for urban management in India; distribution of responsibilities ; special purpose vehicles (SPV’s) in the urban sector ; significance of organizational framework; Difference between institutions and organizations;

Urban Local Governance and its Reforms
Urban local governance- type, organization, power , functions, resource, state supervision control and their working; improvement trust- organizations, scope of their powers and functions and their working; City development authorities: organizations, scope of their power and functions, resources, and their working; administrative reforms in local governance; Organizational Restructuring of Local Governments; capacity building; NGO’s

Participatory Process in Urban Governance
Stakeholder participation- roles and responsibilities, access to governments; Citizen Participation in urban development and management; Inter-organizational relations and coordination at local level; role of digital engagement and social media


Development Finance

Overview of Development Finance
Development Finance- approaches, concepts, components, process, credits rating; Role of Improvement Trusts, Development Authorities, SEZs and Special Purpose Vehicles(SPV) in Urban finance Management.

State and Municipal Finance
Central Finance Commission (CFC) and State Finance Commission (SFC)- Constitution, Powers and Functions; Consolidated Fund (Central and State); Centrally Sponsored Schemes; Municipal Finance- Categorization of Municipal Sources of Revenue, Internal Vs. External Revenue, Capital Vs. Revenue Receipt; Municipal Finance Assessment Framework; Reforms in Municipal Finance- Unit Area Method in Property Tax Calculation, Rationalization of User Charges; Streamlining Municipal Tax Administration 

Investment Planning and Appraisal
Investment Planning- Process, components and investment needs; budgeting, finance investments in infrastructure and services; Manpower planning- performance appraisal, motivational aspects; Integrated reporting system, works standard oriented cost control, turnkey system, inventory cost control technique, unified status index technique.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) 
Concept , need, preconditions for Partnerships; Advantages of Collaboration, Methods of Promoting Participation, Regulations and Administrative Procedures; Role of Government as Partner, Regulator and Enforcer; Principles of PPP- Contractual Framework, Selection of Service Provider, Payment Mechanism,
Monitoring and Evaluation, Risk and Revenue Sharing; Regulatory Authority for PPP; Model Contract
Agreement.

Innovative Methods of Financing Urban Development
Monetary Exaction- Betterment Levy, Impact Fee, External Development Charges and Vacant Land Development Tax; Land Exactions- TDR, Town Planning Scheme , Monetisation of Underutilised Public Assets; Valorisation Charges; External Finance- Debt Financing, PPP, Financial Intermediaries, Municipal Bond, Pooled Finance.]]> <![CDATA[AESTHETICS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2662 Wed, 12 Dec 2018 14:16:31 +0000 Neeraj Gupta]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2662 AESTHETICS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The dictionary meaning of 'aesthetics' is the study of the beauty or  something pertaining to beauty. When talking of beauty it is easier to describe our feelings rather than explaining why we feel so. We respond to a beautiful object with an intense, joyous and enduring interest. The tendency to describe beauty in terms of feelings suggests that beauty is an experience, a special kind of interactivity between our environment and us. This environment may be natural or man-made or a combination of the two.
To Read more...
.pdf AESTHETICS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT.pdf Size: 1.35 MB  Downloads: 14



register as member and login to download attachment [pdf] by right-click the pdf link and Select “Save link as” use for Educational Purposes Only 

taken from  Prashasnika Volume XXVI Number 1, January-June, 1999]]> AESTHETICS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The dictionary meaning of 'aesthetics' is the study of the beauty or  something pertaining to beauty. When talking of beauty it is easier to describe our feelings rather than explaining why we feel so. We respond to a beautiful object with an intense, joyous and enduring interest. The tendency to describe beauty in terms of feelings suggests that beauty is an experience, a special kind of interactivity between our environment and us. This environment may be natural or man-made or a combination of the two.
To Read more...
.pdf AESTHETICS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT.pdf Size: 1.35 MB  Downloads: 14



register as member and login to download attachment [pdf] by right-click the pdf link and Select “Save link as” use for Educational Purposes Only 

taken from  Prashasnika Volume XXVI Number 1, January-June, 1999]]> <![CDATA[Land Pooling Technique]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2568 Sun, 11 Nov 2018 07:17:04 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2568
The T.P. Schemes has successfully tried in Ahmedabad and other large cities of Gujarat and Maharashtra. With the help of public awareness programme it can also be implemented smoothly in various small and medium towns. All such land-pooling scheme if prepared within the framework of development plan would reduce drastically the time taken during the process of approval.

Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) Guidelines prepared by the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, the T.P. Scheme termed as Land Pooling Scheme has been included as a technique for assembling land for planning and development. A separate chapter on Land Pooling Scheme has also been included in the Model Urban and Regional Planning and Development Law. It envisages that every planning and development authority shall for the purpose of implementation of the plan proposals contained in the plan, prepare one or more land pooling schemes for any part of the area within its jurisdiction. It also provides time frame and procedure for preparation, approval and implementation of land Pooling Scheme.
• Land Pooling and Land Reconstitution is a very versatile and effective planning, plan implementation and plan financing mechanism that has been used in Gujarat since many decades
• Land Pooling and Reconstitution mechanism is known as the Town Planning Scheme mechanism in Gujarat
• This presentation shows how the Town Planning Scheme mechanism is used to address some urban challenges
• Some challenges city administrators face in making cities more livable, healthy, comfortable, equitable, just, productive, efficient, safe, memorable……. • widening streets • providing roads, parks, public amenities • providing infrastructure – water supply, drainage • redeveloping older areas of cities • managing peripheral urban growth • providing housing for the poor • finding money (or land) to do all of the above • regularizing illegal construction • curbing nuisances and regulating private development
[Image: attachment.php?aid=550]

• Managing peripheral urban growth requires: reshaping plots providing access providing infrastructure providing amenities paying for all of the above! getting all owners to agree!! regulating private development
• Managing peripheral urban growth requires a sound system for planning, financing and implementing the transformation of agricultural land to land suitable for urban use


You have to register as member and login to see above images [img] attached in the forum post 
.png the spread of ahmedabad.png Size: 82.63 KB  Downloads: 33
]]>
The T.P. Schemes has successfully tried in Ahmedabad and other large cities of Gujarat and Maharashtra. With the help of public awareness programme it can also be implemented smoothly in various small and medium towns. All such land-pooling scheme if prepared within the framework of development plan would reduce drastically the time taken during the process of approval.

Development Plan Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI) Guidelines prepared by the Ministry of Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, the T.P. Scheme termed as Land Pooling Scheme has been included as a technique for assembling land for planning and development. A separate chapter on Land Pooling Scheme has also been included in the Model Urban and Regional Planning and Development Law. It envisages that every planning and development authority shall for the purpose of implementation of the plan proposals contained in the plan, prepare one or more land pooling schemes for any part of the area within its jurisdiction. It also provides time frame and procedure for preparation, approval and implementation of land Pooling Scheme.
• Land Pooling and Land Reconstitution is a very versatile and effective planning, plan implementation and plan financing mechanism that has been used in Gujarat since many decades
• Land Pooling and Reconstitution mechanism is known as the Town Planning Scheme mechanism in Gujarat
• This presentation shows how the Town Planning Scheme mechanism is used to address some urban challenges
• Some challenges city administrators face in making cities more livable, healthy, comfortable, equitable, just, productive, efficient, safe, memorable……. • widening streets • providing roads, parks, public amenities • providing infrastructure – water supply, drainage • redeveloping older areas of cities • managing peripheral urban growth • providing housing for the poor • finding money (or land) to do all of the above • regularizing illegal construction • curbing nuisances and regulating private development
[Image: attachment.php?aid=550]

• Managing peripheral urban growth requires: reshaping plots providing access providing infrastructure providing amenities paying for all of the above! getting all owners to agree!! regulating private development
• Managing peripheral urban growth requires a sound system for planning, financing and implementing the transformation of agricultural land to land suitable for urban use


You have to register as member and login to see above images [img] attached in the forum post 
.png the spread of ahmedabad.png Size: 82.63 KB  Downloads: 33
]]> <![CDATA[Demand Management]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2567 Sun, 11 Nov 2018 06:46:51 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2567 Real Estate Demand Concepts


•The demand for real estate space can be defined as the quantity of space or number of units demanded at various prices.  The fundamental law of demand states that the quantity demanded declines with price or that a lower amount of space or number of units is demanded at higher prices.


•Demand definition is the concept of effective market demand, the demand that is backed up by purchasing power. In some cases, in real estate analysis we may need to focus on desired or ex-ante demand. This refers to the aggregate desired quantity of a good before consumers interact with the marketplace. After interacting with the marketplace, however, realized or ex-post demand may be different from the ex-ante demand for various reasons, such as supply constraints. The not-yet-realized demand is often referred to as pent-up demand.]]> Real Estate Demand Concepts


•The demand for real estate space can be defined as the quantity of space or number of units demanded at various prices.  The fundamental law of demand states that the quantity demanded declines with price or that a lower amount of space or number of units is demanded at higher prices.


•Demand definition is the concept of effective market demand, the demand that is backed up by purchasing power. In some cases, in real estate analysis we may need to focus on desired or ex-ante demand. This refers to the aggregate desired quantity of a good before consumers interact with the marketplace. After interacting with the marketplace, however, realized or ex-post demand may be different from the ex-ante demand for various reasons, such as supply constraints. The not-yet-realized demand is often referred to as pent-up demand.]]> <![CDATA[Land Development Methods]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2566 Sun, 11 Nov 2018 06:37:11 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2566 Land Development Methods

Land development refers to altering the landscape in any number of ways like changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as housing or subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes.


Real estate development, or property development, is a multifaceted business, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of improved land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property. Real estate development is different from construction, although many developers also manage the construction process.



Economical Aspects


Landowner or developers on any size of project will often want to maximize profits, minimize risk and control cash flow. This "profit enhancement", means identifying and developing the best scheme for the local marketplace, whilst satisfying the local planning process. Development Analysis puts development prospects and the development process itself under the microscope, identifying where enhancements and improvements can be introduced. These improvements aim to align with best design practice, political sensitivities, and the inevitable social requirements of a project, with the overarching objective of increasing land values and profit margins on behalf of the landowner or develope



Conversion of landforms

Land development puts more emphasis on the expected economic development as a result of the process; land conversion tries to focus on the general physical and biological aspects of the land use change. "Land improvement" in the economic sense can often lead to land degradation from the ecological perspective. Land development and the change in land value does not usually take into account changes in the ecology of the developed area. While conversion of (rural) land with a vegetation carpet to building land may result in a rise in economic growth and rising land prices, the irreversibility of lost flora and fauna because of habitat destruction, the loss of ecosystem services and resulting decline in environmental value is only considered a priori in environmental full-cost accounting.



1.Conversion to building land

Conversion to building land is as a rule associated with road building, which in itself already brings topsoil abrasion, soil compaction and modification of the soil's chemical composition through soil stabilization, creation of impervious surfaces and, subsequently, (polluted) surface runoff water.

Construction activity often effectively seals off a larger part of the soil from rainfall and the nutrient cycle, so that the soil below buildings and roads is effectively "consumed" and made infertile.
With the notable exception of attempts at rooftop gardening and hanging gardens in green buildings (possibly as constituents of green urbanism), vegetative cover of higher plants is lost to concrete and asphalt surfaces, complementary interspersed garden and park areas notwithstanding.




2. Conversion to farmland

New creation of farmland will rely on the conversion and development of previous forests, savannas or grassland. Recreation of farmland from wasteland, deserts or previous impervious surfaces is considerably less frequent because of the degraded or missing fertile soil in the latter. Starting from forests, land is made arable by asserting or slash-and-burn.

Because the newly created farmland is more prone to erosion than soil stabilized by tree roots, such a conversion may mean irreversible crossing of an ecological threshold.

The resulting deforestation is also not easily compensated for elsewhere, because plantations of other trees, often as monocultures, as a rule lack the biodiversity of the lost forest.



3.Subdivision is the act of dividing land into pieces that are easier to sell or otherwise develop, usually via a plat. The former single piece as a whole is then known in the United States as a subdivision. If it is used for housing it is typically known as housing subdivision or housing development, although some developers tend to call these areas communities.

Subdivisions may also be for the purpose of commercial or industrial development, and the results vary from retail shopping malls with independently owned out parcels, to industrial parks.



4. Restoration
Examples of land restoration counted as land development in the strict sense are still rare. However, reforestation, stream restoration may all contribute to healthier environment and quality of life, especially in densely populated regions. The same is of course true for planned vegetation like parks and gardens, but restoration plays a particular role, because it reverses previous conversions to built and agricultural areas.]]> Land Development Methods

Land development refers to altering the landscape in any number of ways like changing landforms from a natural or semi-natural state for a purpose such as housing or subdividing real estate into lots, typically for the purpose of building homes.


Real estate development, or property development, is a multifaceted business, encompassing activities that range from the renovation and re-lease of existing buildings to the purchase of raw land and the sale of improved land or parcels to others. Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property. Real estate development is different from construction, although many developers also manage the construction process.



Economical Aspects


Landowner or developers on any size of project will often want to maximize profits, minimize risk and control cash flow. This "profit enhancement", means identifying and developing the best scheme for the local marketplace, whilst satisfying the local planning process. Development Analysis puts development prospects and the development process itself under the microscope, identifying where enhancements and improvements can be introduced. These improvements aim to align with best design practice, political sensitivities, and the inevitable social requirements of a project, with the overarching objective of increasing land values and profit margins on behalf of the landowner or develope



Conversion of landforms

Land development puts more emphasis on the expected economic development as a result of the process; land conversion tries to focus on the general physical and biological aspects of the land use change. "Land improvement" in the economic sense can often lead to land degradation from the ecological perspective. Land development and the change in land value does not usually take into account changes in the ecology of the developed area. While conversion of (rural) land with a vegetation carpet to building land may result in a rise in economic growth and rising land prices, the irreversibility of lost flora and fauna because of habitat destruction, the loss of ecosystem services and resulting decline in environmental value is only considered a priori in environmental full-cost accounting.



1.Conversion to building land

Conversion to building land is as a rule associated with road building, which in itself already brings topsoil abrasion, soil compaction and modification of the soil's chemical composition through soil stabilization, creation of impervious surfaces and, subsequently, (polluted) surface runoff water.

Construction activity often effectively seals off a larger part of the soil from rainfall and the nutrient cycle, so that the soil below buildings and roads is effectively "consumed" and made infertile.
With the notable exception of attempts at rooftop gardening and hanging gardens in green buildings (possibly as constituents of green urbanism), vegetative cover of higher plants is lost to concrete and asphalt surfaces, complementary interspersed garden and park areas notwithstanding.




2. Conversion to farmland

New creation of farmland will rely on the conversion and development of previous forests, savannas or grassland. Recreation of farmland from wasteland, deserts or previous impervious surfaces is considerably less frequent because of the degraded or missing fertile soil in the latter. Starting from forests, land is made arable by asserting or slash-and-burn.

Because the newly created farmland is more prone to erosion than soil stabilized by tree roots, such a conversion may mean irreversible crossing of an ecological threshold.

The resulting deforestation is also not easily compensated for elsewhere, because plantations of other trees, often as monocultures, as a rule lack the biodiversity of the lost forest.



3.Subdivision is the act of dividing land into pieces that are easier to sell or otherwise develop, usually via a plat. The former single piece as a whole is then known in the United States as a subdivision. If it is used for housing it is typically known as housing subdivision or housing development, although some developers tend to call these areas communities.

Subdivisions may also be for the purpose of commercial or industrial development, and the results vary from retail shopping malls with independently owned out parcels, to industrial parks.



4. Restoration
Examples of land restoration counted as land development in the strict sense are still rare. However, reforestation, stream restoration may all contribute to healthier environment and quality of life, especially in densely populated regions. The same is of course true for planned vegetation like parks and gardens, but restoration plays a particular role, because it reverses previous conversions to built and agricultural areas.]]> <![CDATA[Intensity of development : land use intensity]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2510 Thu, 08 Nov 2018 14:51:42 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2510
the land use intensity (LUI) method relate the number of living units by floor area to recommended amount of site area according to their location and type and size of housing
 
To Read more...
.pdf Intensity of development- Land use intensity.pdf Size: 1.03 MB  Downloads: 9



register as member and login to download attachment [pdf] by right-click the pdf link and Select “Save link as” use for Educational Purposes Only ]]>
the land use intensity (LUI) method relate the number of living units by floor area to recommended amount of site area according to their location and type and size of housing
 
To Read more...
.pdf Intensity of development- Land use intensity.pdf Size: 1.03 MB  Downloads: 9



register as member and login to download attachment [pdf] by right-click the pdf link and Select “Save link as” use for Educational Purposes Only ]]> <![CDATA[The process of land acquisition and conversion various land uses for urban developmen]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2108 Thu, 28 Jul 2016 16:19:19 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2108 Demand for land, coupled with absence of structure plans designating land-use has led to speculative land markets and an insatiable appetite for urban land. Lack of transparency in process of conversion of land, valuation of land, complexities in documentation and processes for holding / transferring clear title, etc. have all only added to bottlenecking of supply of land, further accentuating land prices. The price of this land increases, as its urban character of its surroundings changes and consequently its economic value.

 
CONVERSION OF LAND USE
The specific processes for verification of land title, authorities for planning and designating land use, enforcing landuse, etc. vary across different states


Generic Process Framework for Conversion of land-use from Agriculture to Non-Agriculture 
  
1. application for conversion of landuse to planning authority 
2. Verification of identity of land parcel for conversion is sought 
3a In case of existence of Master plan : verification on permitted land use as per planning authority 
3b In absence of structure plan : Application of guidelines for assessment of landuse by planning authority
4 opinion by plannning authority with covenant if any
5 land conversion order by appropriate authority with covenants if any intimation to related department. 

 
 In most States across India, records of land ownership, tenency, agriculture related data (like irrigated or not, no. of crops in a year, etc.), are typically maintained by the Revenue Department. In case of agricultural land, generally within limits of village panchayats, multiple certificates and records are required to establish the title of ownership of land, these include – registered title deed, tenancy certificate, survey map of revenue department, location certified in village map, receipt of payment of land revenue, etc. Given the structure of record keeping of our land records, identity and location of land parcels are identified through trail of ownership documents, rather than ownership being determined from spatial location and identity. Therefore, the legacy has existed that the process of conversion of land use to non-agricultural processes has begun and centered with the Revenue Department. 


The Rajasthan state government has removed Section 90 B of Rajasthan Land Revenue Act, 1956, under which use of agricultural land is allowed for non-agricultural purposes


Under Section 90A Use of agricultural land for non-agricultural purpose –persons desiring to use agriculture land for any purpose other than that of agriculture shall apply for the requisite permission to the prescribed officer or authority.  
In Rajasthan land use conversion is done under Rajasthan land use conversion rule 2007
Under this act  Prescribed Authority for conversion- A khatedar tenant  shall submit an application Form-A along with the documents prescribed therein and a copy of challan, indicating the amount of conversion charges deposited to the prescribed authority as under-
 purpose of  ]]> Demand for land, coupled with absence of structure plans designating land-use has led to speculative land markets and an insatiable appetite for urban land. Lack of transparency in process of conversion of land, valuation of land, complexities in documentation and processes for holding / transferring clear title, etc. have all only added to bottlenecking of supply of land, further accentuating land prices. The price of this land increases, as its urban character of its surroundings changes and consequently its economic value.

 
CONVERSION OF LAND USE
The specific processes for verification of land title, authorities for planning and designating land use, enforcing landuse, etc. vary across different states


Generic Process Framework for Conversion of land-use from Agriculture to Non-Agriculture 
  
1. application for conversion of landuse to planning authority 
2. Verification of identity of land parcel for conversion is sought 
3a In case of existence of Master plan : verification on permitted land use as per planning authority 
3b In absence of structure plan : Application of guidelines for assessment of landuse by planning authority
4 opinion by plannning authority with covenant if any
5 land conversion order by appropriate authority with covenants if any intimation to related department. 

 
 In most States across India, records of land ownership, tenency, agriculture related data (like irrigated or not, no. of crops in a year, etc.), are typically maintained by the Revenue Department. In case of agricultural land, generally within limits of village panchayats, multiple certificates and records are required to establish the title of ownership of land, these include – registered title deed, tenancy certificate, survey map of revenue department, location certified in village map, receipt of payment of land revenue, etc. Given the structure of record keeping of our land records, identity and location of land parcels are identified through trail of ownership documents, rather than ownership being determined from spatial location and identity. Therefore, the legacy has existed that the process of conversion of land use to non-agricultural processes has begun and centered with the Revenue Department. 


The Rajasthan state government has removed Section 90 B of Rajasthan Land Revenue Act, 1956, under which use of agricultural land is allowed for non-agricultural purposes


Under Section 90A Use of agricultural land for non-agricultural purpose –persons desiring to use agriculture land for any purpose other than that of agriculture shall apply for the requisite permission to the prescribed officer or authority.  
In Rajasthan land use conversion is done under Rajasthan land use conversion rule 2007
Under this act  Prescribed Authority for conversion- A khatedar tenant  shall submit an application Form-A along with the documents prescribed therein and a copy of challan, indicating the amount of conversion charges deposited to the prescribed authority as under-
 purpose of  ]]> <![CDATA[land values affect the urban development and provision of infrastructural facilities]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2107 Thu, 28 Jul 2016 15:10:34 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2107 If land is cheap, then it sends a signal that land is abundant and it can be wasted without fear of bankruptcy, which results in low-density developments. If land is expensive, then it signals developers to build higher densities because land that desirable is rare. Land prices are what motivates high density developments in a housing market with little regulation.

 
The concept of land value may be expressed as the “monetary valuation of land use” or property use, a sort of price which may be designated as rent. In urban areas, the demand for land is a demand for space. It may vary with the structural changes through the allied process of planned development, redevelopment and conversion; and hence, this process may give rise to land values.
The escalating land value has brought immense  pressure for development in most parts of the Indian cities within the city limits and its agglomeration areas. The increase in the value is found mainly along the major economic growth corridors which in turn further inevitability increased the land price in the core areas of the city.  Densely populated Indian city is undergoing this intense pressure for development in housing, industrial and commercial sectors. The land value of the city is mainly directed by the economy, urban sprawl, location, land use, infrastructure availability and land scarcity in the city.


Urban sprawl-the scattering of new development on isolated tracts, separated from other areas by vacant land-is frequently cited as one negative consequence of the development process. The separation of residential areas by vacant land leads to increased costs in providing infrastructure facilities
Residents are forced to travel farther to engage in most activities, using more energy resources and producing more air pollution.
Urban sprawl create formless character of typical urban development
Land values play a critical role in the
Allocation of land, thereby shaping the pattern of development
The desire for accessibility to the urban center might be expected to result in continuous development extending out from that center, since people seek more accessible locations and are willing to pay more for them
An explanation of urban sprawl requires more than expectations of future growth. Given the conventional assumptions, similarly situated landowners should face a common future and should reach the same decisions with respect to development.
 
THE FACTORS AFFECTING LAND VALUE
A. Economic Growth and Urban Sprawl
After 1990 there has been a massive change in the economy of India due to privatization, foreign direct investments, liberalization of trade and industries and better management . The contribution of urban which was 58 % of overall GDP in 2008 may increase to 70 % by 2030
Most of the agricultural lands were converted in plots due to high demand for industrial and residential developments.
B. Increasing Population and Changes in Land use
 The population growth within the city has saturated because the land value is too high and new settlements are formed on the outskirts has increased the price both inner and outer city
C. Location
 Location of an area plays a major role in the value of the land. A land which located within the city without any encumbrance will be higher than the land in the peripheral areas due to the easy accessibility to various physical and social infrastructures. Where ever the major roads are available the land value is high
D. Availability of Infrastructure
 The land value changes based on the availability of infrastructure facilities provided by the urban local bodies, urban development authorities and other service providing agencies for facilities like road, transport, communication, water supply, sanitation, electricity, etc
E. Land Scarcity
The density of population which relates to the built up area shows most of the areas in the city is having more than the average. Data analysis shows the availability of land has been diminishing within the city due to this high population density over the years. This scarcity has created pressure on the land required for amenities to support residential use like the public uses, institutions and social infrastructures and thus increased the land value more in the city]]> If land is cheap, then it sends a signal that land is abundant and it can be wasted without fear of bankruptcy, which results in low-density developments. If land is expensive, then it signals developers to build higher densities because land that desirable is rare. Land prices are what motivates high density developments in a housing market with little regulation.

 
The concept of land value may be expressed as the “monetary valuation of land use” or property use, a sort of price which may be designated as rent. In urban areas, the demand for land is a demand for space. It may vary with the structural changes through the allied process of planned development, redevelopment and conversion; and hence, this process may give rise to land values.
The escalating land value has brought immense  pressure for development in most parts of the Indian cities within the city limits and its agglomeration areas. The increase in the value is found mainly along the major economic growth corridors which in turn further inevitability increased the land price in the core areas of the city.  Densely populated Indian city is undergoing this intense pressure for development in housing, industrial and commercial sectors. The land value of the city is mainly directed by the economy, urban sprawl, location, land use, infrastructure availability and land scarcity in the city.


Urban sprawl-the scattering of new development on isolated tracts, separated from other areas by vacant land-is frequently cited as one negative consequence of the development process. The separation of residential areas by vacant land leads to increased costs in providing infrastructure facilities
Residents are forced to travel farther to engage in most activities, using more energy resources and producing more air pollution.
Urban sprawl create formless character of typical urban development
Land values play a critical role in the
Allocation of land, thereby shaping the pattern of development
The desire for accessibility to the urban center might be expected to result in continuous development extending out from that center, since people seek more accessible locations and are willing to pay more for them
An explanation of urban sprawl requires more than expectations of future growth. Given the conventional assumptions, similarly situated landowners should face a common future and should reach the same decisions with respect to development.
 
THE FACTORS AFFECTING LAND VALUE
A. Economic Growth and Urban Sprawl
After 1990 there has been a massive change in the economy of India due to privatization, foreign direct investments, liberalization of trade and industries and better management . The contribution of urban which was 58 % of overall GDP in 2008 may increase to 70 % by 2030
Most of the agricultural lands were converted in plots due to high demand for industrial and residential developments.
B. Increasing Population and Changes in Land use
 The population growth within the city has saturated because the land value is too high and new settlements are formed on the outskirts has increased the price both inner and outer city
C. Location
 Location of an area plays a major role in the value of the land. A land which located within the city without any encumbrance will be higher than the land in the peripheral areas due to the easy accessibility to various physical and social infrastructures. Where ever the major roads are available the land value is high
D. Availability of Infrastructure
 The land value changes based on the availability of infrastructure facilities provided by the urban local bodies, urban development authorities and other service providing agencies for facilities like road, transport, communication, water supply, sanitation, electricity, etc
E. Land Scarcity
The density of population which relates to the built up area shows most of the areas in the city is having more than the average. Data analysis shows the availability of land has been diminishing within the city due to this high population density over the years. This scarcity has created pressure on the land required for amenities to support residential use like the public uses, institutions and social infrastructures and thus increased the land value more in the city]]> <![CDATA[Factors which govern the allocations of varied land uses for development of city]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2106 Thu, 28 Jul 2016 14:58:29 +0000 Manish Jain]]> https://frontdesk.co.in/forum/showthread.php?tid=2106 Land use allocation process is the result of interaction between land suitability and land demand in an environment affected by socio-economic, political and administrative rules and regulations.

The assessment of land suitability for land use types is normally carried out by comparisons of the land use requirement with the land use characteristics. This process is mainly implemented at polygon or pixel “micro level”. On the other hand, the demands for different land use types are estimated at administrative “macro level”, considering various scenarios. The interaction of the above two processes “in micro and macro levels” derived by various socio-economic variables of the environment causes the land use change, and can be used for land allocation



Factors that govern the allocations of varied land uses


1.      Social factor:  Social interest, values, prejudice, likes and dislikes. Social status and background of people living

2.      Physical Factor: man’s activities are dominated by nature, emphasis on things like relief, flood plain, watershed area, elevation, climate (amount of rainfall ) and geology (soil mineral content , texture depth of soil etc.)

3.      Economic Factor: the main reason for putting any piece of land to use is the economies, which are to be obtained from using it, arising for example, from its accessibility to people and its situation in relation to other pieces of land.  

a.      Capital : money needed to buy land , acquire land

b.      Market : Distance from market

4.      Political Factor  Government policy and legislation framework

5.      Location (situation) : based on the quantum of benefits derivable from its location in relation to established uses 

6.      Transportation & communication network: proposed or existing demands of transportation or communication.




All the above views are statements of facts, but it can be stated that human beings putting to use, particular site or parcels of land in particular way(s) and for different purpose(s) cannot be explained completely from any of the above submissions.




Social Factor

Social behaviours, customs and religious belief. Religiously, there are sacred lands, which can not be used for any other purposes like residential, or commercial except for worshipping gods. Also, certain uses that contradict the religious belief of some people in a particular community are forbidden. For example, in the Muslim dominated communities, beer parlours, cinema houses, hotels and rearing of pigs are not allowed. Under traditions and customs, some groups of people live together in large numbers while others constitute scattered communities.




Physical factors

Geographical influence, the use to which land in a particular locality may be put is highly influenced by the regular pattern, of weather conditions, like temperature, amount of rain and its regularity of winds and others. Whether a place is in the desert region, forest or temperate region is often put into consideration before deciding on what the land is suitable for.

Settlement pattern in the desert region differ considerably from that of temperate or forest region. The nature of soil is also put into consideration as in whether it is suitable for a particular use. For instance, solid firm land could be preferred to sandy, loamy or waterlogged area for residential use.




Political factor

Town Planning Department, Ministry of Urban development & housing, Development authorities, Environmental Protection Agencies and Legislative Bodies respectively undertake regulatory measures that determine the uses of land. Government policies on development of land at Central, State and Local Government levels have some far reaching effects on pattern of land use.

 

Land demand component in land use allocation

As per the planning standards specification demand side of land use allocation must then be matched with the supply side. In this methodology, this is facilitated by suitability analysis resulting in maps which show the relative suitability of sites with respect to the location principles. The suitability map is the critical device for land use plan design and performs three vital functions :

(i)     it identifies location of suitable sites;

(ii)   it shows the size of the sites and therefore aids the process of meeting space requirements; and

(iii) it provides the basis for the planner to balance the demand with the supply.

These suitability maps are not considered as the land use design themselves. They merely reflect present conditions and not the future. A limited number of sites must eventually be selected from the numerous sites suitable for each type of land use.

Chapin and Kaiser (1979) who described in five lines of text the task identified as "formulating the schematic land use design" with the instruction to generate and synthesize solution ideas. It is this task of synthesizing ideas that distinguishes the land use planner as a professional who is able to provide the input based on professional training and experience. The planner must draw on his experiences and training to use the planning guidelines and standards to allocate the various land uses to the sites identified in the suitability maps. The result is a preliminary allocation. This must then be reconciled with the capability of the sites to accommodate the level of usage expected, as measured by some form of holding capacity, such as number of dwellings per acre.

The typical process may involve numerous alternative trial schemes, with the final design being a resynthesis of the various alternative schemes. These alternative trial schemes do not produce several alternative plans but are only the various trial allocations to balance the demand with the supply of land for the various land uses. The outcome of this process will typically be one alternative land use design or plan. To generate several alternatives, the planner will have to repeat the same process several times. It is obvious that the traditional approach demands a considerable amount of effort and creativity even just to produce one alternative, particularly when the process of preparing the suitability maps and the allocation are carried out entirely by manual methods. As a consequence, the alternatives generated have been found to be quite similar to one another. The use of a GIS to undertake the suitability analysis and to select of the sites (cells) for each land use could undoubtedly speed up the process and reduce the tedious work of repeating numerous map overlay operations. However, the creative input must still be supplied by the planner.

One important feature of the approach described above is that, unlike the original concept of the scientific approach, allocation of land use in the land use plan design approach is not based entirely on professional and technical knowledge in which the experts' view dominates. On the contrary, the process of land use allocation must reflect community goals, and the function of the planner is to provide technical inputs on the most appropriate location for various land uses and their space requirements to meet projected demand. The planner plays a central role by providing the analytical skills in suitability and capability mapping and eventually resolving conflicts in land use allocation to produce the land use distribution plan. This approach assimilated elements from the design origins and the rationality mode of planning as well as later concerns about the participatory process.

 

Factors influencing the pattern of land use allocation

1.      the location of towns,

2.      the  manner of town growth,

3.      Town morphology
4.      the processes in the operation formation of patterns of distribution and uses have 
]]> Land use allocation process is the result of interaction between land suitability and land demand in an environment affected by socio-economic, political and administrative rules and regulations.

The assessment of land suitability for land use types is normally carried out by comparisons of the land use requirement with the land use characteristics. This process is mainly implemented at polygon or pixel “micro level”. On the other hand, the demands for different land use types are estimated at administrative “macro level”, considering various scenarios. The interaction of the above two processes “in micro and macro levels” derived by various socio-economic variables of the environment causes the land use change, and can be used for land allocation



Factors that govern the allocations of varied land uses


1.      Social factor:  Social interest, values, prejudice, likes and dislikes. Social status and background of people living

2.      Physical Factor: man’s activities are dominated by nature, emphasis on things like relief, flood plain, watershed area, elevation, climate (amount of rainfall ) and geology (soil mineral content , texture depth of soil etc.)

3.      Economic Factor: the main reason for putting any piece of land to use is the economies, which are to be obtained from using it, arising for example, from its accessibility to people and its situation in relation to other pieces of land.  

a.      Capital : money needed to buy land , acquire land

b.      Market : Distance from market

4.      Political Factor  Government policy and legislation framework

5.      Location (situation) : based on the quantum of benefits derivable from its location in relation to established uses 

6.      Transportation & communication network: proposed or existing demands of transportation or communication.




All the above views are statements of facts, but it can be stated that human beings putting to use, particular site or parcels of land in particular way(s) and for different purpose(s) cannot be explained completely from any of the above submissions.




Social Factor

Social behaviours, customs and religious belief. Religiously, there are sacred lands, which can not be used for any other purposes like residential, or commercial except for worshipping gods. Also, certain uses that contradict the religious belief of some people in a particular community are forbidden. For example, in the Muslim dominated communities, beer parlours, cinema houses, hotels and rearing of pigs are not allowed. Under traditions and customs, some groups of people live together in large numbers while others constitute scattered communities.




Physical factors

Geographical influence, the use to which land in a particular locality may be put is highly influenced by the regular pattern, of weather conditions, like temperature, amount of rain and its regularity of winds and others. Whether a place is in the desert region, forest or temperate region is often put into consideration before deciding on what the land is suitable for.

Settlement pattern in the desert region differ considerably from that of temperate or forest region. The nature of soil is also put into consideration as in whether it is suitable for a particular use. For instance, solid firm land could be preferred to sandy, loamy or waterlogged area for residential use.




Political factor

Town Planning Department, Ministry of Urban development & housing, Development authorities, Environmental Protection Agencies and Legislative Bodies respectively undertake regulatory measures that determine the uses of land. Government policies on development of land at Central, State and Local Government levels have some far reaching effects on pattern of land use.

 

Land demand component in land use allocation

As per the planning standards specification demand side of land use allocation must then be matched with the supply side. In this methodology, this is facilitated by suitability analysis resulting in maps which show the relative suitability of sites with respect to the location principles. The suitability map is the critical device for land use plan design and performs three vital functions :

(i)     it identifies location of suitable sites;

(ii)   it shows the size of the sites and therefore aids the process of meeting space requirements; and

(iii) it provides the basis for the planner to balance the demand with the supply.

These suitability maps are not considered as the land use design themselves. They merely reflect present conditions and not the future. A limited number of sites must eventually be selected from the numerous sites suitable for each type of land use.

Chapin and Kaiser (1979) who described in five lines of text the task identified as "formulating the schematic land use design" with the instruction to generate and synthesize solution ideas. It is this task of synthesizing ideas that distinguishes the land use planner as a professional who is able to provide the input based on professional training and experience. The planner must draw on his experiences and training to use the planning guidelines and standards to allocate the various land uses to the sites identified in the suitability maps. The result is a preliminary allocation. This must then be reconciled with the capability of the sites to accommodate the level of usage expected, as measured by some form of holding capacity, such as number of dwellings per acre.

The typical process may involve numerous alternative trial schemes, with the final design being a resynthesis of the various alternative schemes. These alternative trial schemes do not produce several alternative plans but are only the various trial allocations to balance the demand with the supply of land for the various land uses. The outcome of this process will typically be one alternative land use design or plan. To generate several alternatives, the planner will have to repeat the same process several times. It is obvious that the traditional approach demands a considerable amount of effort and creativity even just to produce one alternative, particularly when the process of preparing the suitability maps and the allocation are carried out entirely by manual methods. As a consequence, the alternatives generated have been found to be quite similar to one another. The use of a GIS to undertake the suitability analysis and to select of the sites (cells) for each land use could undoubtedly speed up the process and reduce the tedious work of repeating numerous map overlay operations. However, the creative input must still be supplied by the planner.

One important feature of the approach described above is that, unlike the original concept of the scientific approach, allocation of land use in the land use plan design approach is not based entirely on professional and technical knowledge in which the experts' view dominates. On the contrary, the process of land use allocation must reflect community goals, and the function of the planner is to provide technical inputs on the most appropriate location for various land uses and their space requirements to meet projected demand. The planner plays a central role by providing the analytical skills in suitability and capability mapping and eventually resolving conflicts in land use allocation to produce the land use distribution plan. This approach assimilated elements from the design origins and the rationality mode of planning as well as later concerns about the participatory process.

 

Factors influencing the pattern of land use allocation

1.      the location of towns,

2.      the  manner of town growth,

3.      Town morphology
4.      the processes in the operation formation of patterns of distribution and uses have 
]]>