Urban governance is defined as the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, plan and manage the common affairs of the city.
•It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action can be taken.
•It includes formal institutions as well as informal arrangements and the social capital of citizens.
Urban Land Ceilings & Regulation Act (ULCRA),1976, 7 led to the withdrawal of vast tracts of urban land from the market. This act imposed tight ceilings on the ownership and possession of vacant lots. The act provided for the acquisition of the excess land by the state, for the common good, at extra-low prices.
The Constitution Amendment Act, 1992, devolves a Constitutional status on the local governments for the first time in India.
Municipal Legislation
Urban local governments are governed by the provisions of the State municipal Acts. Every State has its own municipal Act. The State legislature is empowered by the central government to decide on the structure, functions and powers to be entrusted to the local governments. Although the content and format of various State municipal Acts is more or less uniform, there are striking differences in the provisions for devolution of powers, functions and funds to local governments since this is determined by the condition of both the State and the local government. The system is regulated by enactments passed from time to time by State legislatures. Furthermore, municipalities possess powers to draft local byelaws on various provisions for the improvement of municipal administration.
Municipal Legislation
In every State, two different types of Acts are generally in use – one for the municipal
corporations and a common Act for the municipal councils and nagar panchayats. In a few States where several municipal corporations exist, the legislature has framed municipal Acts especially for some corporations. The remaining corporations in the State are governed by a common municipal corporations Act.
•Haryana Municipal Act, 1973 (Amendment 1994) and Haryana Municipal Corporation Act, 1994 (Amendment 4.9.2019) .
•Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 1959. (amendment 1994, 2009, 2018)
•Gujarat Municipalities (Amendments) Act, 1993 and Bombay provincial municipal corporation act, 1949 (Amendment 2019)
•The Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964 (Amendment 2012 ) and The Karnataka Municipal Corporations Act, 1976 (Amendment 2015 )
The U.P. Municipalities (Nagarpalika)Act, 1916 (Amendment 2018) , Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam) Act, 1959
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