Where material recovery and composting from MSW is not possible or desirable due to local conditions or because of the nature of waste, recovery of energy from MSW is suggested as a feasible alternative. When high calorific value fractions of MSW are either incinerated (thermal process) or biodegradable fraction of MSW is processed anaerobically (biomethanation), the resultant energy, either as heat (incineration) or biogas (methane) can be reused either directly or converted to electricity using appropriate generators. Sale of this energy should result in the financial viability of waste to energy systems. Where the tariff of power is not high enough to ensure financial sustainability of the plant, a tipping fee may be considered by the ULB.
INCINERATION
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves combustion of waste at very high temperatures in the presence of oxygen, resulting in the production of ash, flue gas, and heat. It is feasible for unprocessed or minimally processed refuse besides the segregated fraction of the high calorific waste.
BIOMETHANATION
32Biomethanation is the anaerobic (in the absence of air or, more specifically, free oxygen) digestion of biodegradable organic waste in an enclosed space under controlled conditions of temperature, moisture, pH, etc. It is considered one of the most technically viable option for the Indian MSW due to MSW’s high organic and moisture content.
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) refers to the high calorific non-recyclable combustible fraction of processed MSW, which is used either as a fuel for steam and electricity generation or as alternate fuel in industrial furnaces and boilers. The composition of RDF is a mixture that has higher concentrations of combustible materials than those present in the parent mixed MSW.
MUNICIPAL SANITARY LANDFILLS
Sanitary landfills are facilities for final disposal of MSW on land, designed and constructed with the objective of minimising impacts to the environment. The SWM Rules, 2016 provides comprehensive regulations on the siting, design, and operation of sanitary landfills.
A modern landfill complying with these requirements is a complex facility with various equipment to minimize environmental impacts.
SANITARY LANDFILLS
Components of SANITARY LANDFILLS
•a liner system at the base and sides of the sanitary landfill which prevents migration of leachate or gas to the surrounding soil;
•a leachate collection and control facility which collects and extracts leachate from within and from the base of the sanitary landfill and then treats the leachate;
•a gas collection and control facility (optional for small sanitary landfills) which collects and extracts gas from within and from the top of the sanitary landfill and then treats it or uses it for energy recovery;
•a final cover system at the top of the sanitary landfill which enhances surface drainage, prevents infiltrating water, and supports surface vegetation;
•a surface water drainage system which collects and removes all surface runoff from the sanitary landfill site;
•an environmental monitoring system which periodically collects and analyses air, surface water, soil, gas, and groundwater samples around the sanitary landfill site;
•a closure and post-closure plan which lists the steps that must be taken to close and secure a sanitary landfill site once the filling operation has been completed and the activities for long-term monitoring and operation and maintenance (O&M) of the completed sanitary landfill are functional.
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