The sources for the water supply scheme are generally of the following two categories; 1.Surface water sources 2.Sub surface water sources
1.Surface water source
Surface Water sources are from rivers lakes and reservoirs. The water from these sources are drawn and supplied the beneficiaries after proper treatment. If the river is not perennial, the storage of water is necessary for supplying during the dry period. Generally surface water is preferred for the following reasons. 1.When quality of ground water available in and around the beneficiary is not potable. 2.When large quantity of water is required for the scheme.
2. Sub surface water source
The sub-surface water is being tapped from the following sources. 1.Open wells 2.Bore wells 3.Infiltration wells and 4.Collector wells
Surface Water:
Water collected from precipitation, Lakes, ponds, Dams, Rivers, Irrigation canals, sea water, waste water reclamation etc are surface sources. Study the availability and relative costs of supplying water and then decide source. The raw water from lakes, ponds, dams and rivers is extracted by constructing floating or fixed Intake. Intake can be with pumping sets on it or only draw water and through conduit carry to a suction well from where it is pumped.
Clause 5.2.7.1 (c) stipulate design considerations. Rate of Silting in dams
Clause 5.2.7.1 (g( i)), stipulate 0.1 to 0.2 hectare meters per year per sq.kilometre. Evaporation in dams, Clause (5.2.7.1 (g(ii)), stipulate 2-2.5 m/year. NOIGEN-101 mixture of Cetyl and Stearyl alcohols indigenously available may be used for suppressing evaporation from lakes and reservoirs by spraying on water surface. A dose of 1.2 kg/hectare/day is adequate for wind velocities below 8 km/hour.
Ground Water:
Hydrogeological Map of the area published by CGWB should be referred to know hydrogeological conditions, ground water potential and quality. Depleting water table over the years indicate more withdrawal of water than the recharge and ground water extraction from such areas should be restricted. Open well(Shallow well/dug well/sunk well), bored well,infiltration gallaries and radial wells are used to abstract ground water.
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Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III
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