Most water institutions in India are being developed in an era of water surplus, especially during the colonial period , thus becoming increasingly less relevant to address the water challenges as the country is entering in an era of absolute water scarcity.
Water Institutional Framework have three components : •water law •water policy •water administration
Water Law :
Water law assumes a central place in the functioning of water institutions as it gives the full legal backing to water policy as well as provides the operational
framework and enforcing power for water administration including its regulatory arrangements. Although India does not have any separate and exclusive water law, water-related legal provisions are dispersed across various irrigation acts, central and state laws, constitutional provisions, court decisions, customary laws, and various penal and criminal procedure codes.
Water policy
Water policy relates to the declared statements as well as the intended approaches of the central and state governments for water resource planning, development, allocation, and management. It includes statements not only on the overall policy framework but also on specific policy issues such as 12 •project selection •water pricing and cost recovery •user and private participation
National Water Policy
Although the need for a national level policy for the water sector was felt for quite some time, the immediate factor that prompted the National Water Policy (NWP) of 1987 was the unprecedented drought of 1987. It was reviewed and updated in 2002 and later in 2012.
Water Administration
Water administration covers the organizational, financial, and managerial structures including the regulatory apparatus and conflict resolution mechanisms, which are directly connected to the water sector. Despite considerable variations in the name and structure of water administration across states, there are a few common features such as centralized and bureaucratic character, dispersed organizational responsibilities, and weak functional linkages.
Organizational Framework
The Union Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR) in 2019 the Ministry has been renamed as “Jal Shakti Mantralaya” •The Central Water Commission (CWC), •the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB), •the National Water Development Agency(NWDA) •National Water Resources Council (NWRC) set up in 1983 •National Water Board (NWB) set up in 1990. •Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) at state level
Financing and Management
Since water is a state subject, it is the states that are responsible for the financing, cost recovery, and management of all irrigation and water supply-related activities within their territory. They finance water development schemes from their own revenue, their share from the centrally collected revenue proceeds, and borrowings from financial institutions both within and outside the country.
The state water administration—known variously as the Irrigation Department, the Public Works Department, the Water Resources Department and Public Health Engineering Department in different states—is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and management of water projects.
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