Policy monitoring is the process of regularly checking and evaluating the implementation and impact of policies.
1. Managerial Approaches : The management of the public sector has now adopted more or less business-like style, the techniques of which were once thought of as private-sector methods.
1.1 CPM and PERT approaches
Both CPM and PERT approaches employ the idea of managing large-scale policy programmes. As a means of addressing the issues of material and resource use in the most efficient manner, the concepts of CPM and PERT have proved quite useful. These refer to the planning of a particular programme, aIlocating people and other resources, and monitoring progress. The aim of CPM and PERT is to control the execution of a policy programme by controlling the network of activities and events which compose the stages of policy implementation.
The CPM is a technique, which aims lo identify those activities that are critical to the successful implementation of a policy programme on time. A network is drawn to show the starting period of the policy programme, and the estimated time period involved in moving from one critical activity to another.
On the other hand, PERT is a technique, which predicates that the duration of critical activities are uncertain. It involves a graphic estimation of the time and resources necessary for policy execution.
1.2 PPBS (Planning -Programming -Budgeting System ) approach :
PPBS has been regarded as an important technique associated with policy analysis. The PPBS approach seeks to set clear goals, outputs, and values in the budgetary process, and to create a system of analysis and review in which the costs and benefits of a policy programme could be calculated over several years.
This approach is based on the idea that an organisation’s activity can be
viewed as the production of defined products or outputs. Costs and benefits of each product can be determined. The PPBS aims at locating decisions about pasts of the budget in the context of the whole of the government spending strategy. The model is derived from the classical rational approach, beginning with the identification of goals, objectives, needs and problems, and culminating in monitoring, review, and feedback.
1.3 Activity Bar Chart
For monitoring technical performance of a policy, the Activity Bar Chart can be mapped. It is an important device for monitoring policy performance as it projects expectations for policy results. The Activity Bar Chart plans each technical activity by time and deliverables. It shows the dates by which those deliverables should be completed.
2. Systems Approach:
An effective monitoring, therefore, requires proper structuring , here structuring in policy work can involve both the structuring f the organization and structuring policy programme itself, and the combining of these two structures to provide a framework for integration. The structuring looks at implementation gaps as something that should be analyzed in the context of a ‘system’, which as a whole is involved in the delivery of policy programmes and services.
Carter and his associates suggest that a successful implementation system involves four types of control, that is, 7
i)Coordination over time;
ii)Coordination at particular time;
iii)Detailed logistics and scheduling
iv)Defending and maintaining structural boundaries.
It may be emphasized that systems approach lays stress on attaining adequate levels of cooperation and coordination within the policy programme by focusing on the importance of team work for effective monitoring.
3. Formative Approach :
According to this approach, monitoring starts with a schedule and works for the success of a policy programme when it is being implemented. It involves an analysis of the extent to which a programme is being implemented and the conditions that promote its successful implementation. The implementation stage, therefore, requires formative evaluation, which monitors the way in which a programme is being administered or managed so as to provide feedback that may help to improve the implementation process. This takes the form of various kinds of centralized Management Information Systems (MIS) that can routinize the collection of information. A core technique of the MIS approach to evaluation and monitoring is that of using performance measurement as a primary source of information about the effectiveness and efficiency of policy delivery.
4. Performance Measurement Approach :
Performance Measurement Approach is applied to know about the effectiveness and efficiency of policy delivery. Measurement is akin to monitoring. It means watching Performance Indicators (PIs) on all parameters with a view to detecting the earliest available signs of any deviation: from desired results or performance.
In this approach, Performance Indicators (PIs) can be developed and used. Peter Jackson argues that measures of performance can provide an effective substitute for profits so as to improve the management of schools, hospitals, local government, and other services. Jackson identifies a number of roles PIs can play in making for better implementation such as :
1.Increasing accountability
2.Providing a basis for policy planning and control
3.Supplying important information to monitor organizational activities
4.Identifying the basis of a staff appraisal system
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Urban Development Policies Study notes for M. plan Sem-II
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