Participatory approach aimed at democratizing decision making at all levels of society. Participation has been intrinsically linked to the idea of empowering groups who are less able to make themselves heard, enabling them to effectively defend their interests against the powerful. Participatory approach in different stages.9
Stage 1 Agenda setting, (initial) problem conceptualization •Stakeholder identification and selection, identification of divergent viewpoints •Probing of problem boundaries (diversity)
Ultimately, it is the identification of stakeholders and the range of divergent views they represent which, apart from the organization of the dialogue itself, shapes the contents of the participatory assessment. Examples are •Q Methodology •the Repertory Grid Technique
Stage 2 Specification of policy objectives
•Articulation of perspectives
•Sharing/exploring ideas and approaches
In this stage, participatory assessment tools and methods must be geared towards the articulation of diverse stakeholder perspectives in order to share and explore these. Examples are Focus Group methodology
Stage 3 Identification and appraisal of potential policy options •Confrontation of perspectives
•Appraisal of alternative policy options: arguments for/against policy alternatives; understanding differences and similarities across perspectives;
•sometimes ranking
Much experience has been gained with tools to support participatory technology assessments on controversial issues such as genetic modification. Examples include
•Consensus Conferences,
•Planning Cells
•Citizens’ Juries.
Stage 4 Decision making
•Synthesis, policy advice
•Dialogue outcomes reported (often agreement to disagree)
Some participatory assessment tools and methods are specifically aimed at reaching a decision, such as
•joint fact finding (McCreary et al. 2001)
•the decision seminar
•Consensus Building, which aims to ‘forge agreements that satisfy everyone’s primary interests and concerns’
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Urban Development Policies Study notes for M. plan Sem-II
URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES.pdf
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