Decision-making is usually defined as a process or sequence of activities involving stages of problem recognition, search for information, definition of alternatives and the selection of an actor of one from two or more alternatives consistent with the ranked preferences. Decision making theory is a theory of how rational individuals should behave under risk and uncertainty. It uses a set of axioms about how rational individuals behave which has been widely challenged on both empirical and theoretical ground.
Models of Decision-Making:
Incremental Change through Successive Limited Comparisons or Incrementalism:
The incremental model has the following characteristics:
1. Only a few options and means are considered
2. Decisions are the product of negotiated settlements
3. Changes are made gradually over time
4. Decisions tend to be made reactively
5. Political considerations are important in determining outcome
Rational Decision Making Model : This approach often includes these steps:
1. Define goals
2. Identify alternatives
3. Calculate the consequences
4. Decide the most favorable using a calculated ratio of benefits to costs
5. Monitor implementation
6. Begin again.
Committee Decisions:
R. F. Bales has introduced a “New” element or concept in the decision-making process —it is called Committee decisions. According to Bales, in practice, decisions are generally taken at various conferences attended by number of executives and important persons having thorough knowledge about organisations. Bales further claims that very often the decisions are not made in any particular organisation’s meeting. A number of meetings are held and thread-bare discussions take place. After a lot of discussion dealing with all the possible aspects the final decision is adopted.
Participative Decision Making Model: The participative decision making perspective is an expansion of the bargaining approach and attempts to include all those directly affected by the decision. It is the most democratic form of decision making where there is an opportunity to provide input and influence. However, there is an important distinction between “consultation” and “shared decision making power.”
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Urban Development Policies Study notes for M. plan Sem-II
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