Hadoti architecture is a regional architectural style that originated in the Hadoti region of Rajasthan, India. The Hadoti region is located in the southeastern part of Rajasthan and includes cities like Kota, Bundi, and Jhalawar. This architectural style is characterized by its unique blend of Rajput and Mughal architectural elements. Here are some key features of Hadoti architecture:
हाड़ौती स्थापत्य शैली एक प्रादेशिक वास्तुकला शैली है जो भारत के राजस्थान राज्य के हाड़ौती क्षेत्र में उत्पन्न हुई थी। हाड़ौती क्षेत्र राजस्थान के दक्षिण-पूर्वी भाग में स्थित है और इसमें कोटा, बूंदी और झालावड़ जैसे शहर शामिल हैं। इस वास्तुकला शैली की विशेष पहचान है जिसमें राजपूत और मुग़ल वास्तुकला तत्वों का अद्वितीय मेल होता है। निम्नलिखित कुछ मुख्य विशेषताएँ हाड़ौती स्थापत्य शैली की हैं:
- Forts and Palaces: Hadoti architecture is often associated with the construction of forts and palaces. The forts in this region are known for their grandeur and defensive structures, with impressive gateways and bastions.
- किले और महल: हाड़ौती स्थापत्य को अक्सर किलों और महलों के निर्माण के साथ जोड़ा जाता है। इस क्षेत्र के किले अपने भव्यता और सुरक्षा संरचनाओं के लिए प्रसिद्ध हैं, जिनमें प्रभावशाली प्रवेश द्वार और बैस्टियन होती हैं।
- Stone Carving: Stone carving is a prominent feature of Hadoti architecture. Skilled artisans carve intricate designs and motifs on the stone facades of buildings, including temples, palaces, and havelis (traditional mansions).
- पत्थर की कढ़ाई: पत्थर की कढ़ाई हाड़ौती स्थापत्य की प्रमुख विशेषता है। कुशल शिल्पकार परिसर के भवनों की पत्थरी भित्तियों पर जटिल डिज़ाइन और मोतीफ उकेरते हैं, जैसे कि मंदिर, महल, और हवेलियों की भवन की झिल्लीदार दीवारों पर।
- Jharokhas (Balconies): Many buildings in the Hadoti style feature jharokhas, which are decorative enclosed balconies or windows. These jharokhas often have intricate lattice work and provide a beautiful architectural detail.
- झरोखे (बालकनियाँ): हाड़ौती की भवनों में झरोखों का प्रमुख स्थान है, जो सजावट से भरपूर बालकनियाँ या खिड़कियों की तरह कार्य करती हैं। इन झरोखों पर अक्सर जटिल जाली काम होता है और यह भवन के वास्तुकला विवरण में खूबसूरती जोड़ता है।
- Frescoes and Murals: Some palaces and havelis in the Hadoti region are adorned with frescoes and murals depicting scenes from mythology, nature, and daily life. These paintings are often colorful and add to the aesthetic appeal of the structures.
- फ्रेस्को और मुरल: हाड़ौती क्षेत्र के कुछ महल और हवेलियों पर धार्मिक कथाओं, प्राकृतिक दृश्यों और दैनिक जीवन की दृश्यों को दिखाने वाले फ्रेस्को और मुरलों से सजाया गया है। ये चित्र अक्सर रंगीन होते हैं और भवनों की आकर्षण क्षमता में योगदान करते हैं।
- Chhatris (Pavilions): Chhatris, or small domed pavilions, are a common architectural feature in Hadoti. They are used for various purposes, including as cenotaphs for the royal family members.
- छतरियाँ (पविलियन्स): हाड़ौती में छतरियाँ, यानि छोटे गुंबद वाले पविलियन, आमतौर पर मृत्यु व्यक्ति के स्मारण के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं।
- Courtyards: Traditional Hadoti homes and havelis are built around central courtyards, which often feature gardens and water features. These courtyards provide natural ventilation and serve as private spaces for residents.
- आंगन: हाड़ौती के पारंपरिक घरों और हवेलियों के मध्य में केंद्रीय आंगनों के चारों ओर बने होते हैं, जिनमें अक्सर बगीचे और जल संरचनाएँ होती हैं। ये आंगन प्राकृतिक हवा प्रवाह प्रदान करते हैं और निवासियों के लिए निजी स्थल का कार्य करते हैं।
- Stepwells: The region also has a number of stepwells, such as the Chand Baori in Abhaneri, known for their intricate and symmetrical designs. Stepwells served as water reservoirs and cool retreats during hot summers.
- स्टेपवेल्स: इस क्षेत्र में कई स्टेपवेल्स भी हैं, जैसे कि अब्हानेरी का चांद बावड़ी, जिनमें उनकी जटिल और सममित डिज़ाइन की जानी जाती है। स्टेपवेल्स पानी के भंडारण के रूप में कार्य करते थे और गर्मियों के दौरान शीतल आश्रय के रूप में उपयोग किया जाता था।
- Architectural Symmetry: Hadoti architecture often places a strong emphasis on symmetry, with buildings and their components being balanced and harmonious in design.
- वास्तुकला सममिति: हाड़ौती स्थापत्य अक्सर सममिति पर बल देता है, भवनों और उनके घटकों को डिज़ाइन में संतुलित और हारमोनियस बनाता है।
- Use of Local Materials: Buildings in the Hadoti style are typically constructed using locally available materials, such as sandstone. The use of indigenous materials is both practical and sustainable.
- स्थानीय सामग्री का उपयोग: हाड़ौती स्थापत्य के भवन आमतौर पर स्थानीय उपलब्ध सामग्री, जैसे कि बलुआ पत्थर, का उपयोग करके निर्मित होते हैं। स्थानीय सामग्री का उपयोग प्रागैतिहासिक और साथिक दृष्टिकोण से भी प्रामाणिक होता है।
- Influence of Islamic and Rajput Styles: Hadoti architecture reflects a fusion of Islamic and Rajput architectural elements. This blend of influences creates a unique and visually striking architectural style.
- इस्लामी और राजपूत शैली का प्रभाव: हाड़ौती स्थापत्य शैली में इस्लामी और राजपूत वास्तुकला तत्वों का मिश्रण है। इन प्रभावों का संघटन एक अद्वितीय और दृश्याकर्षक वास्तुकला शैली पैदा करता है।
The Hadoti region’s architecture is a testament to the rich cultural and historical heritage of Rajasthan, and it continues to be appreciated for its beauty and historical significance.
हाड़ौती क्षेत्र की वास्तुकला उसके राजस्थान की धरोहर और इतिहासिक महत्व की गवाही है, और इसकी सुंदरता और ऐतिहासिक महत्व को दर्शाने के लिए उपयोगी है।
The temples of Hadoti are built in the Pratihara style of architecture, which dates back to the tenth century A.D.. The Archaeological Survey of India is responsible for the conservation and protection of all nine temples.
The Baroli Temples Complex is located in Baroli village in Rawatbhata taluk in Kota district in Rajasthan, India. The complex is located close to the rocky bank of the Chambal River, 45 kilometres (28 mi) south east of Kota, on the outer limits of Rawatbhata town. Set around a natural fountain, they are positioned in two zones in the midst of a forest containing peepal, kadamba,mango, and jamun trees
The Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple It’s the largest and best preserved of the nine temples in the complex. The temple is 58 feet high and is adorned with figures of apsaras (nymphs), and the deities Ganga and Yamuna. It also has a carved sculpture of Lord Shiva on the wall.
The temple was built between the 10th and 11th centuries CE by the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. It’s governed by the Archaeological Survey of India.
The temple has a rectangular sanctum with a projecting vestibule. The sanctum was probably topped by a Valabhi (wagon vault), which is now missing. The entrance to the sanctum does not have any decorations
The Ghateshwara Mahadeva temple is the most prominent and the largest in the complex. The main temple structure comprises the sanctum (garbhagriha) and the mukhamandapa, a front mandapa or hall. Dated to the early 10th century, it is an intact structure which has the god Shiva depicted in the form of five lingas. One linga appears like an inverted ghata or pot, and hence the name given to the temple of “Ghateshwara” (pot-Lord), while “Mahadeva” is a term for Shiva. The sanctum has a ceiling in the form of a large blossoming lotus. The temple has a finely carved shikara(pinnacle) above the sanctum. The superstructure has been described as a latina and the pinnacle is a phamsana. The entire superstructure is supported by six pillars and two pilasters. The pilasters, which are part of the sanctum wall, project from the wallby two thirds of its width, and have niches encased with sculptures.
The mukhamandapa serves as a pillared entrance that leads to the sanctum. Shiva’s mount Nandi (the bull) is installed between the mukhamandapa and the sanctum. The niches inside the temple are decorated with elegantly carved images of Andhakantaka (shiva slaying the demon Andhaka), Nataraja (Shiva as the Lord of dance) and the goddess Chamunda; similar images are also carved on the lintel above the entrance door. The mukhamandapa also has many carved images of semi-clad, dancing apsaras (heavenly nymphs). The ceiling is decorated with concentric forms with coiffured cusps.
The Sringar Chauri or rangamandapa (the hall of dance) is a later addition to the temple, situated just outside it. The large pillared hall is built over a raised platform called a pitha, which has decorative carvings. The transepts of the hall have co-axial entrances, both on the east and the west, ensconced in kakshasana balustrades. The four central pillars supporting the hall are very well ornamented. The images include the river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna as dwarapalas (door-keepers), the trinity images of Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva, and several depictions of Shiva in his different incarnations. Twenty pillars around the perimeter of the hall are simple in design.
There is a sacred tank next to the temple which has a tiered approach leading to the edge of the water.
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