What is Traffic Congestion?
• A physical phenomenon relating to the manner in which vehicles impede each other’s progression as demand for limited road space approaches full capacity.
• A relative phenomenon relating to user expectations vis-à-vis road system performance.
The speed–flow relationship
The relationship between speed or travel time and flow is fundamental to the understanding of congestion .
As additional vehicles join the traffic stream, the volume of traffic grows and hence the demand for road space. This phenomenon increases the demand beyond Fmax onto the backward bending part of the speed–flow curve towards the origin on the horizontal axis. Intuitively, traffic congestion develops and rapidly worsens and may cause ‘traffic-jams’ at times.
Land-use measures
There are several land-use measures that can be used to reduce traffic congestion, including:
- Mixed-use development: Creating mixed-use developments that include residential, commercial, and retail spaces can reduce the need for people to travel long distances for work or shopping, reducing traffic congestion.
- Transit-oriented development: Building dense, mixed-use developments near transit stations or other transportation hubs can encourage people to use public transportation, reducing traffic congestion.
- Pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure: Pedestrianisation is the process of removing vehicular traffic from city streets or restricting vehicular access to streets for use by pedestrians . Building sidewalks, bike lanes, and other pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure can encourage people to walk or bike instead of driving, reducing traffic congestion.
- Parking management: Implementing parking management strategies, such as pricing or restrictions on parking, can reduce the number of cars on the road and encourage alternative modes of transportation.
- Land-use zoning: Zoning regulations that encourage compact, mixed-use development and discourage sprawling, auto-oriented development can reduce traffic congestion.
- Telecommuting and flexible work arrangements: Encouraging telecommuting and flexible work arrangements can reduce the number of people commuting to work, reducing traffic congestion during peak hours.
- Congestion pricing: Charging drivers for using certain roads or areas during peak hours can reduce traffic congestion by encouraging drivers to shift their travel times or use alternative modes of transportation.
- Development densities – involving an increase in density of development throughout an area to reduce the need to travel
- Development patterns – including transport corridor-based developments designed to encourage provision and use of public transport
- Development mix – in which homes, jobs and shops are placed close together, thus reducing the need to travel
- Development conditions – such as parking standards for new development
- Commuted payments, whereby developers can provide less parking but pay for public space
- Developer contributions to the financing of transport infrastructure for new developments
- Value capture taxes, designed to reflect the windfall benefits to existing developments from improved accessibility.
- Land-use taxes – including property taxes.
- Location relative to public transport . Development close to good transit service and public services, has good walking and cycling conditions and other features that reduce automobile dependency.
- Infilling and control of peripheral development
- Street reclaiming is a process for increasing the social, cultural, recreational and economic activity in neighborhood streets.
- Clustered land use : Clustering to the location and mix of activities in an area. For example in land use plan putting schools , shops other public services in the center of the development.
- Location efficient development – such as development that maximizes multimodal •accessibility
- Car-free planning involves designing particular areas for minimal automobile use. Housing developments where residents are discouraged from owning private cars.
Land use and Transport Planning home page
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FD Planning Community Forum Discussion
- Land Use Transport Integration and Density of Urban Growth Toolkit
- Integration of Land Use and Transport Planning
- Introduction – Modelling Transport – Ortuzar Willumsen
- Mathematical Prerequisites from Modelling Transport
- data and space from Modelling Transport
- Trip Generation Modelling from Modelling Transport
- Modal split and direct demand models from Modelling Transport
- Discrete choice models from Modelling Transport
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