Intervening Opportunity Model

The Intervening Opportunity Model (IOM) is a theoretical framework in urban geography that explains how the presence of intermediate opportunities can affect human migration patterns. It was developed by Everett Lee in 1966 and has since been used to study migration in a wide range of contexts, including rural-urban migration, suburbanization, and international migration.

Intervening Opportunity Model (IOM) can also be applied to land use transportation modeling . IOM suggests that the accessibility of different locations within an urban area is influenced not only by their intrinsic characteristics but also by the presence of intervening opportunities along the transportation network. These intervening opportunities may include employment centers, shopping districts, or other amenities that are located along transportation corridors.

The model assumes that individuals will choose to locate in a place that provides them with the best access to opportunities, taking into account the distance and travel time required to reach those opportunities. The presence of intervening opportunities along the way may affect the decision-making process and lead individuals to choose a location that is closer to these opportunities, even if it is not the most attractive location in terms of other characteristics such as housing costs or environmental quality.

The IOM has been used in land use transportation modeling to analyze the impact of transportation infrastructure improvements on accessibility and land use patterns. By taking into account the presence of intervening opportunities, planners can identify areas where transportation investments may have the greatest impact on accessibility and encourage more sustainable land use patterns.

Intervening Opportunity Model: According to Stouffer (1943), number of trips from one origination in zone-i to a destination to zone-j is directly proportional to the number of opportunities at the destination zone and inversely proportional to number of intervening opportunities. The basic idea behind the intervening-opportunities model is that trip making is not explicitly related to distance but to the relative accessibility of opportunities for satisfying the objective of the trip.

This hypothesis may be expressed as:⁶

 t_ij = (k.a_j/v_j)

Where;

a_j = the total number of destination opportunities in zone j

v_j = the number of intervening destination opportunities between zones i and j

k =a proportionality constant to ensure that all trips with origins at zone i are distributed to destination opportunities.

Other Types of land use transport model are

1. Density saturation gradient method (DSG) :
2. Hansen’s accessibility model
3. Garin Lowry model

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FD Planning Community Forum Discussion

• Land Use Transport Integration and Density of Urban Growth Toolkit
• Integration of Land Use and Transport Planning
• Introduction – Modelling Transport – Ortuzar Willumsen
• Mathematical Prerequisites from Modelling Transport
• data and space from Modelling Transport 
• Trip Generation Modelling from Modelling Transport
• Modal split and direct demand models from Modelling Transport
• Discrete choice models from Modelling Transport

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