Lowry model : One of the first models in land use modeling was developed by Isabelle Lowry (1964) for the Pittsburgh urban region. The model aims to simulate the interaction between land use and transportation and to predict the location and density of different land uses within a region. The Lowry Model incorporated within its structure both generation and allocation of activities .The activities which the model defines are population, service employment and these activities correspond to residential, service and industrial land uses.
The Garin-Lowry model is based on the concept of land use compatibility, which suggests that certain land uses are more compatible with each other than others. For example, residential areas may be more compatible with parks and schools than with industrial areas.
The model divides the study area into a grid of cells and assigns a land use category to each cell. It then calculates the transportation accessibility of each cell, taking into account the location of transportation nodes such as highways and transit stations.
Using a set of compatibility rules, the model then assigns a probability of land use change to each cell based on the surrounding land uses and transportation accessibility. For example, a cell with high accessibility to transit and adjacent to existing residential areas may have a higher probability of being designated as a future residential zone.
The Garin-Lowry model has been used in a variety of applications, including transportation planning, land use planning, and environmental impact assessment. It has been particularly useful in simulating the impact of transportation infrastructure improvements on land use patterns and in identifying areas where new development is likely to occur.
One of the strengths of the Garin-Lowry model is its ability to simulate the dynamic and complex interactions between land use and transportation. It can also be easily integrated with other models, such as air quality models or economic models, to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of transportation and land use policies.
Salient features of Lowry model :
a)It assumes an economic base mechanism where employment is divided into basic and non -basic sectors. Basic employment is defined as that employment which is associated with industries whose products are largely used outside the region, where as the products of the service employment are consumed within the region.
b)It is assumed that the location of basic industry is independent of the location of residential areas and service centers.
c)Population is allocated in proportion to the population potential of each zone and service employment in proportion to market potential of each zone.
d)The model ensures that populations located in any zones dose not violate a maximum density or holding capacity constraint is placed on each category of service employment.
e)Lowry model relates population and employment at one particular time horizon.
Garin (1966) expressed the fundamental Lowry algorithm in matrix format. Using this notation, the iterative process used by Lowry to generation population, serving employment was replaced by elementary matrix operation to obtain an exact rather than an approximate solution.
Types of land use transport model are
- Density saturation gradient method (DSG) :
- Hansen’s accessibility model
- Intervening opportunity model
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