Nanocellulose – Cellulose fibrillators
Nanocellulose can also replace materials such as steel and carbon fibers :
Cellulose fibrillators are in dimensions of 5-20 nanometers in width and up to 2,000 nanometers in length.
Nanocellulose strength properties in class with steel but are biodegradable.
Nanocellulose reinforcement is found to be promising for mechanical and barrier properties of composite for biopolymer and synthetic polymer.
Cellulose is the primary constituent of the plant cell wall and can be extracted from a variety of sources, such as wood, bast fibers, grasses, seed fibers, marine animals,
algae, fungi, invertebrates, and bacteria. Besides cellulose, the plant cell wall also contains hemicellulose, lignin, and small amount of extractives. Although wood species are the main source of cellulose, nonwood plants are receiving increasing interest due to their cheap availability and lower lignin content
Figure: Simplified structure of cellulose arrangement in hierarchical order from wood to cell wall and the structure of elementary fiber.
Source: Reproduce from Dufresne A. Nanocellulose: a new ageless bionanomaterial. Mater Today 2013
Types of Nanocellulose
Nanocellulose can be divided into three main categories:
1. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), also known as cellulose whiskers
CNCs are produced by disintegration of cellulose fibers into nanoscale particles (top to bottom process). CNCs are commonly produced using acid hydrolysis of cellulosic materials dispersed in water.
2. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), also known as nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) or cellulose nanofibers
CNFs are produced by disintegration of cellulose fibers into nanoscale particles (top to bottom process). CNFs are produced by high-pressure grinding of cellulosic pulp suspension and strongly entangled networks of nanofibrils are formed
3. Bacterial cellulose (BC) and electrospun cellulose nanofibers (ECNFs)
BC and ECNF, the low molecular weight sugars or dissolved cellulose are generated by bacteria or electrospinning, respectively (bottom to top process)
SMART MATERIALS in ARCHITECTURE
The use of smart materials in architecture is a dynamic and innovative area merging research, development, and use. Smart materials, with their reversible characteristics, respond to stimuli such as light, temperature, and electrical field by changing their form, color, viscosity, etc.
One of the most fascinating developments is the advent of Phase Change Materials. These materials make it possible, for example, to develop self-acting, kinetic facades and wallpaper that changes its color and pattern based on temperature and light.
SHAPE CHANGING SMART MATERIALS
Thermostrictive smart materials
THERMAL EXPANSION MATERIALS (TEM) / EXPANSION MATERIALS (EM)
THERMOBIMETALS (TB)
SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS (SMA)
Electroactive smart materials
ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS (EAP)
COLOUR- AND OPTICALLY CHANGING SMART MATERIALS
photochromic smart materials
PHOTOCHROMIC MATERIALS (PC)
Thermochromic and thermotropic smart materials
THERMOCHROMIC/-TROPIC MATERIALS (TC, TT)
Electrochromic and electrooptic smart materials
ELECTROCHROMIC/-OPTIC MATERIALS (EC, EO)
ADHESION-CHANGING SMART MATERIALS
Photoadhesive smart materials
TITANIUM DIOXIDE (Tio2)
Innovative materials
An architect can be a designer, developer and manufacturer. Creative architects develop their own innovative materials and products for specific applications. They develop new applications and the associated materials and products, which they have to manufacture.
Depending on their characteristics, their structure and other properties, materials and substances can be divided as follows:
RECYCLABLE MATERIALS
These are manufactured from crushed and cleaned waste . Unless the raw material is sorted in advance to separate out the valuable fractions, the resulting products are usually of lower quality than the originally used materials.
BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS
Materials that are decomposed and completely broken down by microorganisms living in the soil.
BIOMATERIALS
Plastics and other materials made from renewable sources.
NONVARIABLE MATERIALS
These materials are largely unaffected by physical and chemical influences, such as changes in ambient temperatures. e.g. metal alloy Invar.
FUNCTIONAL SUBSTANCES
Mono functional and multi functional substances.
SMART MATERIALS
These materials, substances and products have changeable properties and are able to reversibly change their shape or colour in response to physical and/or chemical influences, e.g. light, temperature.
They can be differentiated into non-smart materials, semi-smart materials and smart materials.
HYBRID MATERIALS
These materials are manufactured by combining at least two different components, e.g. biological with synthetic components.
FUNCTIONALLY GRADIENT MATERIALS
Composite materials with gradually merging layers. This results in a continuous change in material properties.
NANOMATERIALS
Materials made from nanometresc
Froum Threads
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