The city passed through a number of transformations since its inception in human history. Transformation implies changes over time; the present urban fabric is resultant of successive generations of settlers who left their mark in physical structure as well as political, economic and social institutions.
India is moving fast towards urbanization. According to 2011 census, 29.5% of total population lives in urban areas. Growth rate of urban population has been 2.27% in the year 2010-2011. “India’s urban population will more than double to over 600 million by 2035 as increasing number of people migrate to cities because of better infrastructure and employment opportunities.”
Urbanization is not a side effect of economic growth; it is an integral part of the process. As in most countries, India’s urban areas make a major contribution to the country’s economy. Indian cities contribute to about 2/3 of the economic output, host a growing share of the population and are the main recipients of FDI and the originators of innovation and technology
urban transformation, possibly the largest national urban transformation of the 21st century. This would pose unprecedented challenges to India’s growing cities and towns in providing housing and infrastructure (water, sewerage, transportation, etc.), and addressing slums. Already, slums now account for about 26% of all urban population in cities. In Mumbai, more than half the population lives in slums, many of which are situated near employment centers in the heart of town, unlike in most other cities in developing countries.
Due to rapid urbanization and population growth crime has become one of the most serious social problems. To tackle and reduce the negative effects of crime on human beings, grater regulatory controls are needed which require more participation of individuals and community. Crime is influenced by multiplicity of factors such as economic, social and governmental as well as physical elements Safety and security are basic human needs.
PLACE BASED CRIME PREVENTION
Human behaviour takes place in space, and the spatial layout of the environment provides various opportunities for social interaction. The interaction between people can create safe or unsafe communities which are a foundational part of society’s welfare.
DEFENSIBLE SPACES
This theory was established by Ar. Oscar Newman in 1972. It assures a definite relationship of crime rates with urban design. According to the defensible spaces theory, physical layout of communities can make occupants control the areas. It creates the physical appearance of a social bond that defends itself Newman named the related physical strategies in terms of crime prevention as “target hardening”.
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