Pedestrian safety

Pedestrian safety refers to the measures and practices aimed at reducing the risk of accidents and injuries involving pedestrians. Pedestrian safety requires that road design and land-use planning include safe, accessible and comprehensive facilities prioritizing the needs of pedestrians. Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable road users, and are at risk of injury or death in the event of a collision with a vehicle or other object.

To improve pedestrian safety, various measures can be taken, including:

1. Roadway design : Roadway design has generally catered for the needs of motorized traffic, neglecting the needs of pedestrians.
   • Roadway designs in which facilities such as sidewalks and signalized crossings are missing, inadequate or in poor condition create risk for pedestrians.
   • The provision of arterial roadways, intersections and fastspeed lanes without adequate attention to pedestrian facilities results in increased likelihood that pedestrians will be killed or injured when walking alongside or crossing the road .
2. Designing and maintaining safe pedestrian infrastructure, such as sidewalks, crosswalks, and pedestrian crossings. An assessment conducted in New Delhi showed that footpaths are either non-existent or poorly maintained, from 2001 to 2009, an estimated 36,376 crashes involving pedestrians occurred in New Delhi, resulting in 8,697 pedestrian deaths
   • Pedestrian crossings : Pedestrians cross one or more roads at some point in their journey, whether at an intersection or not. In many situations, crossing the road increases their risk of traffic injury. Intersections are associated with high rates of pedestrian collisions and injuries because they include a large number of pedestrian and vehicle conflict points
3. The width of roads and lanes, and road design speed :
   • Road widening increases pedestrian injury risk . Wider lanes and roads, and higher design speed tend to increase motor vehicle traffic speed, which increases pedestrian risk. Wider roads with more traffic lanes and higher traffic speeds are also more dangerous for pedestrians to cross.
4. Traffic Mix :
   • •The risk of pedestrian injury is high when pedestrians share the road with vehicles
   • •travelling at fast speeds .
   • •Increased vehicle speeds are associated with increased injury severity and death for pedestrians and cyclists .
   • •Vehicle–pedestrian collisions are 1.5 to 2 times more likely to occur on roadways without sidewalks
5. High traffic volume roads : Road environments with high traffic volume and inadequate attention to pedestrian safety have been found to exacerbate pedestrian collisions.
6. Installing and maintaining appropriate signage and road markings to alert drivers to the presence of pedestrians.
7. Implementing traffic calming measures, such as speed limits, roundabouts, and speed humps, to reduce vehicle speeds and improve safety for pedestrians.
8. Educating the public about safe pedestrian behavior, such as using crosswalks, obeying traffic signals, and wearing visible clothing at night.
9. Enforcing traffic laws to deter dangerous driving behaviors, such as speeding, distracted driving, and driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
10. Improving the visibility of pedestrians through lighting, reflective clothing, and reflective surfaces on bags or other accessories.
11. Perception of safety and security of the travel environment : Understanding people’s perceptions of security in the walking environment is an important element for improving pedestrian safety.

Pedestrian safety : Land-use planning factors

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