1.Demographic Challenge :
The demographic challenge is related to the dynamics of the urban population. Currently, the growth of urban populations in many areas of India outpaces the ability of most urban infrastructure managers to expand their systems and provide service to the newcomers. Indian urban population has passed from 62 million people in 1950 to 377 million people in 2011 and the trend is not expected to change.
In addition, the increased number of citizens requiring access to the services strains the system and exacerbates the negative effects of inefficiencies. These two consequences of the urban population growth greatly increase the risk of marginalization and expansion of urban slums, where even the most basic services are not delivered properly.
2. socioeconomic challenge :
The socioeconomic challenge is related to the social and economic inequalities in cities. Ensuring adequate living conditions is a key goal of urban infrastructure systems, which has to be inclusive for all people living in urban areas. Several difficulties emerge when trying to achieve this goal, among which are these: a)providing affordable housing for the diverse inhabitants of the city; b)providing universal access to safe drinking water c)providing functional waste and wastewater services as a basis for public health;
(d) providing adequate and equal mobility alternatives to ensure access to work and leisure opportunities;
(e) providing clean, affordable, and reliable energy to citizens.
The gap between the well-off and the poorer people has grown almost everywhere, including in cities in developed countries.
3. The technological challenge
The technological challenge is related to the increasing complexity in planning and managing urban infrastructure systems. There are, on one hand, the cities with legacy systems, where infrastructures were built in the early twentieth century. Some of these infrastructures are now at risk of collapse and of becoming obsolete; they will have to be upgraded, if not totally renewed. On the other hand new infrastructures are being built from scratch. In both eyes, we are facing substantial technological challenges pertaining essentially to their efficiency
4. The environmental challenge
The environmental challenge mainly pertains to pollution and the effect of climate change on cities. Globally urban areas have already become and are further evolving into global environmental forces. For example, urban settlements consume around 75% of global primary energy and emit between 50 % to 60 % of the total world’s annual greenhouse gas emissions.
Curbing these emissions is an increasingly pressing task for urban planners and managers. Overall, the challenge is to make urban infrastructures more sustainable.
5. The financial challenge
The financial challenge is related to the limited availability of financial resources to operate and to develop urban infrastructure systems. Establishing an institutional framework capable of ensuring a revenue stream to sustainably support the operation and maintenance of the urban infrastructure is a major challenge for cities. In most cases, urban infrastructure managers are required to provide more and better services with limited (and sometimes decreasing) financial support.
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Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III
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