Urban Infrastructure and Network

Advantages of CI Pipes • Ease in jointing the pipes • Can withstand high Internal pressure • Have a very long design life. (100 years) • They are less prone to corrosion. Dis-advantages of CI Pipes • They are heavy […]

Conveyance There are two stages in the transportation of water: •Conveyance of water from the source to the treatment plant. •Conveyance of treated water from treatment plant to the distribution system. In the first stage water is transported by gravity […]

Factors Governing Location of Intake •The intake site should remain easily accessible during floods and should not get flooded. Moreover, the flood waters should not be concentrated in the vicinity of the intake. Design Considerations sufficient factor of safety against […]

Intake Structure The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water from the source over predetermined pool levels and then to discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit (normally called intake conduit), through which it […]

Bored wells are tubular wells drilled into permeable layers to facilitate abstraction of groundwater through suitable strainers inserted into the well extending over the required range or ranges of the-water bearing strata. There are a variety of methods for drilling […]

The sources for the water supply scheme are generally of the following two categories; 1.Surface water sources 2.Sub surface water sources 1.Surface water source Surface Water sources are from rivers lakes and reservoirs. The water from these sources are drawn […]

pH : pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. It is an indicator of relative acidity or alkalinity of water. By weight these un-combined ions are equal to 0.0000001 gram of H ions per liter of water and this will […]

Introduction : Access to safe drinking-water is important as a health and development issue at national, regional and local levels. Small village settlements were dependent upon river, wells or tanks for the source of water supply which was hand carried […]

Spatial equity is the equal distribution of individuals on geographical location affected by particular projects. •Spatial equity is dropping of disparities between different living levels. •Spatial equity can be by identifying criteria defining fairness in the allocation of basic social […]

Social equity is the equitable distribution of impacts. It is defined as the equal distribution of benefits, disadvantages and costs among people. On the subject of infrastructure it has three main dimensions •distribution of impacts as horizontal dimension, •income and […]