Tattvarth Sutra – Chapter 2

About the soul’s extraordinary states / special dispositions

Sutra 2.1 aupaśamikakṣāyikau bhāvau miśraś ca jīvasya svatattvam audayika pāriṇāmikau ca

औपशमिकक्षायिकौभावौमिश्रश्चजीवस्य् स्वतत्त्वमौदयिक पारिणामिकौच – १
Sandhi-viccheda (word-splitting):
औपशमिक + क्षायिकौ + भावौ + मिश्र: + च + जीवस्य + स्वतत्त्वं + औदयिक + पारिणामिकौ + च

Word meaning:

• औपशमिक – arising from subsidence (of karma)
• क्षायिक – arising from destruction (of karma)
• भावौ – states / dispositions
• मिश्र: च – mixed (i.e., arising from both subsidence and destruction together)
• जीवस्य – of the soul
• स्वतत्त्वं – intrinsic states / nature
• औदयिक – arising from fruition (udaya) of karma
• पारिणामिक – arising naturally from the soul’s own modification (independent of karma)
• च – and

Meaning:
The soul has five intrinsic states:

1. Aupashamika bhāva – state due to subsidence of karma
2. Kṣāyika bhāva – state due to destruction of karma
3. Kṣāyopaśamika bhāva (Miśra) – state due to combined destruction and subsidence of karma
4. Audaika bhāva – state due to the rise (udaya) of karma
5. Pāriṇāmika bhāva – natural state of the soul, independent of karma

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Explanation of the Five Bhāvas

1. Aupashamika (Subsidential State)
   • When karma is suppressed (its potency does not manifest), the soul experiences this state.
   • Example: Like dirt in water settling down temporarily, making water look clean.
2. Kṣāyika (Destructional State)
   • When karma is completely destroyed, the soul experiences this state.
   • Example: Like filtering dirt entirely from water so it becomes permanently pure.
3. Kṣāyopaśamika (Mixed State)
   • When some karmas are destroyed while others are suppressed temporarily, the soul is in a mixed state.
   • Example: Some dirt removed, some remains faintly present.
4. Audaika (Rise of Karma State)
   • When karmas come into operation (udaya), the soul experiences this state.
5. Pāriṇāmika (Natural Modification State)
   • The natural modification of the soul, occurring independently of karma (when there is neither suppression, destruction, nor rise of karma).

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More Notes:

• Upaśama (subsidence): Non-manifestation of karmic potency due to conditions of substance, place, time, and mental disposition.
• Kṣaya (destruction): Complete elimination of karma.
• Kṣayopaśama (mixed): Partial destruction + partial subsidence.

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Sutra 2.2 dvinavāṣṭādaśaikaviṃśatistri bhedā yathākarmaṃ

भावो के भेद – द्विनवाष्टादशैकविंशतित्रि भेदायथाकर्मम् – २
Word-splitting: द्वि + नव + अष्टादश + एकविंशति + त्रि + भेदा + यथाकर्मम्

Meaning:
These five bhāvas are further subdivided into:

• Aupashamika – 2 types
• Kṣāyika – 9 types
• Kṣāyopaśamika – 18 types
• Audaika – 21 types
• Pāriṇāmika – 3 types

Thus, there are 53 types of bhāvas in total.

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Sutra 2.3 samyaktvacāritre

सम्यक्त्वचारित्रे – ३
Sandhi-viccheda: सम्यक्त्व + चारित्रे

Meaning:
Aupashamika bhāva is of two kinds:

1. Aupashamika Samyaktva (Right Faith due to subsidence)
2. Aupashamika Charitra (Right Conduct due to subsidence)

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Special Explanation:

1. Aupashamika Samyaktva
   • When the following karmas are suppressed (not destroyed), right faith arises:
     • Four Anantānubandhi kashāyas (anger, pride, deceit, greed)
     • Darśanamohaniya karmas (wrong belief, mixed belief, and faith-deluding states)
   • This temporary right faith is called Aupashamika Samyaktva.
2. Aupashamika Charitra
   • When the remaining 21 types of conduct-deluding karmas (charitra-mohaniya) are suppressed, temporary right conduct arises.
   • Example: suppression of mild passions like apratyakhyana, pratyakhyana, sañjvalana types of anger, pride, deceit, and greed.

Sūtra 2.4

क्षायिक भाव के भेद
ज्ञानदर्शनदानलाभभोगोपभोगवीर्याणिच – ४

Sandhi-viccheda:
ज्ञान + दर्शन + दान + लाभ + भोग + उपभोग + वीर्याणि + च

Meaning:
The nine sub-types of Kṣāyika Bhāva (states due to destruction of karma) are:

1. Kṣāyika Jñāna – Omniscience (Kevala-jñāna)
2. Kṣāyika Darśana – Perfect perception (Kevala-darśana)
3. Kṣāyika Dāna – Perfect charity
4. Kṣāyika Lābha – Perfect acquisition
5. Kṣāyika Bhoga – Perfect enjoyment (consumables used once, like food, drink, flowers)
6. Kṣāyika Upabhoga – Perfect repeated enjoyment (things usable multiple times, like clothes, ornaments, houses)
7. Kṣāyika Vīrya – Infinite spiritual energy
8. Kṣāyika Samyaktva – Right faith arising from destruction of deluding karmas
9. Kṣāyika Cāritra – Right conduct arising from destruction of conduct-deluding karmas

Explanation:

• Kevala-jñāna comes from destruction of jñānāvaraṇa (knowledge-obscuring) karma.
• Kevala-darśana comes from destruction of darśanāvaraṇa (perception-obscuring) karma.
• Dāna, Lābha, Bhoga, Upabhoga, Vīrya arise from destruction of antarāya karma (obstructive karma).
• Kṣāyika Samyaktva arises when seven types of mohaniya karma (deluding karmas: 4 anantānubandhi kashāyas + 3 darśanamohaniya) are destroyed.
• Kṣāyika Cāritra arises when the remaining 21 types of conduct-deluding karmas are destroyed.

Thus, there are nine kinds of Kṣāyika Bhāvas.

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Sūtra 2.5

क्षायोपशमिक भाव के भेद
ज्ञानाज्ञानदर्शनलबध्यश्चतुस्त्रीत्रिपञ्चभेदा: सम्यक्त्वचारित्रसंयमासंयमाश्च – ५

Sandhi-viccheda:
ज्ञान + अज्ञान + दर्शन + लबध्य: + चतु: + त्रि + त्रि + पञ्च + भेदा: + सम्यक्त्व + चारित्र + संयमासंयमा + च

Arithmetic:
4 (Jñāna) + 3 (Ajñāna) + 3 (Darśana) + 5 (Labdhis) + 1 (Samyaktva) + 1 (Cāritra) + 1 (Saṃyama-asaṃyama) = 18

Meaning:
There are 18 types of Kṣāyopaśamika Bhāva (mixed state due to both subsidence and destruction of karma):

1. Four Jñānas (knowledge): mati, śruta, avadhi, manahparyāya
2. Three Ajñānas (false knowledge): kumati, kuśruta, ku-avadhi
3. Three Darśanas (perceptions): cākṣuṣa (visual), acākṣuṣa (non-visual), avadhi (clairvoyant)
4. Five Labdhis (attainments): dāna, lābha, bhoga, upabhoga, vīrya
5. One Samyaktva (right faith due to subsidence + partial destruction of mohaniya karma)
6. One Cāritra (right conduct due to subsidence + partial destruction of conduct-deluding karma)
7. One Saṃyama-asaṃyama (a mixed state of partial restraint and non-restraint, at the 5th guṇasthāna).

Thus total = 18 subtypes of Kṣāyopaśamika Bhāva.

Special Notes on the 18 Kṣāyopaśamika Bhāvas

1. Four Kṣāyopaśamika Jñāna (knowledges):
   • Mati, Śruta, Avadhi, and Manahparyāya arise due to subsidence + partial destruction of knowledge-obscuring karmas, along with the presence of vyāntarāya karma.
   • They manifest when:
     • The present fully destructive (sarvaghāti) karmas begin to decay without producing fruition (udayābhāvī kṣaya),
     • The future karmas remain suppressed (sadavasthā upaśama), and
     • The partly-destructive (deśaghāti) karmas come into fruition (udaya).
   • Thus, these four knowledges arise from kṣayopaśama.
   • In contrast, Kevalajñāna arises only by complete destruction of knowledge-obscuring karmas — there is no kṣayopaśama here.
2. Three Kṣāyopaśamika Ajñāna (false knowledges):
   • Kumati (wrong sensory knowledge), Kuśruta (wrong scriptural knowledge), and Ku-avadhi (imperfect clairvoyance).
   • They appear when mithyātva (wrong belief) is active, and the opposing karmas are in a state of kṣayopaśama.
   • They still contain a partial manifestation of knowledge.
3. Three Kṣāyopaśamika Darśanas (perceptions):
   • Cākṣuṣa (visual), Acākṣuṣa (non-visual), and Avadhi (clairvoyant).
   • These arise from kṣayopaśama of the respective perception-obscuring karmas.
   • Since a portion of perception quality manifests, they are classed as kṣayopaśamika.
4. Five Kṣāyopaśamika Labdhis (attainments):
   • Dāna (giving), Lābha (receiving), Bhoga (use-once consumables), Upabhoga (reusable enjoyments), and Vīrya (energy).
   • These arise from kṣayopaśama of the respective antarāya karmas (obstructive karmas).
   • Again, they appear due to subsidence of deśaghāti karmas.
5. Kṣayopaśamika Samyaktva (right faith):
   • This arises when the seven types of karmas (three darśana-mohaniya: mithyātva, samyagmithyātva, samyak, plus the four anantānubandhi kashāyas: anger, pride, deceit, greed) are in kṣayopaśama.
   • In this state, the soul manifests temporary right belief (tattvārtha-śraddhāna).
6. Kṣayopaśamika Cāritra (right conduct):
   • This arises when the 12 conduct-deluding karmas (the four kashāyas each in three degrees: apratyākhyāna, pratyākhyāna, sañjvalana) undergo kṣayopaśama.
   • In addition, minor passions (nokasāyas) may also undergo subsidence.
   • This state manifests as a conduct that withdraws from external objects, producing steadiness of the soul.
   • It is typically observed in monks at the 6th or 7th guṇasthāna.
7. Kṣayopaśamika Saṃyama-asaṃyama (mixed restraint / non-restraint):
   • Arises from kṣayopaśama of passions like anger, pride, deceit, greed, in their apratyākhyāna, pratyākhyāna, and sañjvalana forms.
   • In this state, the soul is partly restrained and partly unrestrained (virata-avirata).
   • It occurs at the 5th guṇasthāna.
8. In Aupashamika and Kṣāyika bhāvas, the qualities (jñāna, darśana, cāritra, etc.) manifest fully. In Kṣayopaśamika, they appear partially.
9. A one-sensed soul has only 8 bhāvas.
   • Hellish beings and gods have 11 bhāvas (3 jñānas + 3 darśanas + 5 labdhis).
   • With samyaktva (right faith), the maximum is 12 bhāvas.
10. Only deśaghāti karmas undergo kṣayopaśama.

• Sarvaghāti karmas (completely obstructing karmas) do not undergo partial suppression—they must be destroyed for the soul’s quality to manifest.

11. Three modes of kṣayopaśama:

• Udayābhāvī Kṣaya – Present fully-destructive karmas decay without giving fruition.
• Sadavasthā Upaśama – Future karmas remain suppressed until their duration is over.
• Udaya – Deśaghāti karmas actually manifest their fruition while subsiding.
• Together, these three processes form the mechanism of kṣayopaśama.

12. Definition of Spardhaka (competitor karmic groups):

• In short: the collective groups of karmic atoms bound to the soul are called spardhakas.
• In detail: karmic atoms enter from the infinite mass of karma-matter.
  • The weakest indivisible unit forms a “lowest group.”
  • Collections of these lowest groups form varganās.
  • Successively larger groupings form higher-level spardhakas.
• Spardhakas are of two kinds:
  1. Sarvaghāti – prevent manifestation of the quality entirely.
  2. Deśaghāti – allow partial manifestation of the quality.

Sutra 6 to 10

English explanation of Tattvarth Sutra

Chapter 1 – Sutra 1 to 5 | Sutra 6 to 12 | Sutra 13 to 19 | Sutra 20 to 25 | Sutra 26 to 31 | Sutra 32 and 33

Chapter 2 Sutra 6 to 10 | Sutra 11 to 15 | Sutra 16 to 20 | Sutra 21 to 25 | Sutra 26 to 30

Animations and Visualizations.

मुनि श्री 108 प्रणम्यसागरजी तत्वार्थ सूत्र with Animation

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