Planning

The right to sanitation has been recognized in India for more than two decades, and progressively integrated into the international human rights law framework since the beginning of the century. Courts in India have derived the right from the constitutional […]

This is an abbreviation of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System and has been assigned to a typical system of sewage treatment and resource utilization for greening in isolated habitations. The generalized treatment sequence is shown in Figure This system is addressed […]

Decentralized sewerage system  is defined as the collection, treatment, disposal/reuse of sewage from individual homes, clusters of homes, isolated communities or institutional facilities, as well as from portions of existing communities at or near the point of waste generation.  Advantages […]

Anaerobic organisms that do not need oxygen. The following treatment processes fall under this a) Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket – UASB b) Anaerobic filter – AF c) Anaerobic fluidized bed Under proper conditions anaerobic sludge will develop as high […]

• Fixed Bed Biofilm Activated Sludge Process (FBAS) • Fixed media like Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) • Oxidation ditch (O D) Activated Sludge Process (ASP) There are two variations of this process namely, (a) the conventional process for removal of […]

Chapter 10 of CPHEEO Manual The object of sewage treatment is to stabilise decomposable organic matter present in sewage and the effluent and sludge which can be disposed of in the environment without causing health hazards or nuisance.  Design Period:  […]

Design of Sewer(Chapter 3 of CPHEEO Manual)  Sewerage system may be classified as sanitary sewers designed to receive domestic sewage and industrial waste excluding storm water.  Storm sewers designed to carry off storm water and ground water but excluding domestic […]

Sanitation has a broader scope that goes beyond the strict disposal of human waste. Indeed, sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the potential hazards posed by wastes, including either physical, microbiological, biological […]

Most water institutions in India are being developed in an era of water surplus, especially during the colonial period , thus becoming increasingly less relevant to address the water challenges as the country is entering in an era of absolute […]