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Most water institutions in India are being developed in an era of water surplus, especially during the colonial period , thus becoming increasingly less relevant to address the water challenges as the country is entering in an era of absolute […]

Ditch and Furrow Method: In areas with irregular topography, shallow, flat bottomed and closely spaced ditches or furrows provide maximum water contact area for recharge water from source stream or canal. This technique requires less soil preparation than the recharge […]

Rainwater harvesting is a system to – •Recharge the groundwater by rainwater through an artificial system at a rate more than that obtained under conditions of natural replenishment and/or- •Collect and store rain water. The main goal is to minimize […]

This method is applicable to closed-loop pipe networks  (a complex set of pipes in parallel). It depends on the idea of head balance method Assumptions / Steps of this method: 1.Assume that the water is withdrawn from nodes only; not […]

Hierarchical relationship of Components, Subcomponent, and sub-subcomponent. Cullinane, Jr., M. J., Methodologies for the evaluation of Water Distribution System Reliability/Availability Register & Download PDF for Educational Purposes Only Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III Urban Infrastructures & Network.pdf […]

Compound Pipe flow The system is called compound pipe flow: When two or more pipes with different diameters are connected together head to tail (in series) or connected to two common nodes (in parallel) Flow Through Pipes in Series pipes […]

Laying & jointing :   Pipes are laid underground with minimum cover of 1 m. Care should be taken to locate other utilities in ground and avoid damage to them. All specials and valves should be available and installed with pipe […]

(Para 10.3 OF CPHEEO) 1.Peak Factor:    The per capita rate of water supply indicates only the average consumption of water per day per person over a period of one year.  In the design of water supply distribution system, it […]

Aim : To improve the raw water quality to the drinking water standards and stop water borne transmission of epidemics . Methods of treatment :  Depends on the nature of source and its water quality . Subsurface source Generally Chlorination […]