Tattvarth Sutra – Chapter 2 Sutra 6 to 10

Sūtra 2.2 gati-kaṣāya-liṅga-mithyādarśana-ajñāna-asaṃyata-asiddha-leśyāś catuḥ-catuḥ-tri ekaikaika-ṣaḍ-bhedāḥ (21)

गतिकषायलिंगमिथ्यादर्शनाज्ञानासंयतासिद्धलेश्याश्चतुश् चतुस्त्रयेकैकैकैकषड्भेदा:६

The 21 Audaika Bhāvas (states due to karmic rise)

संधि विच्छेद-
गति+कषाय+लिंग+मिथ्यादर्शन+अज्ञान+असंयत+असिद्ध+लेश्या:+चतु:+चतु:+त्रि:+कै+कै+कै+क+षड्भेदा:
शब्दार्थ- ४ गति ,४ कषाय,३ लिंग,१ मिथ्यादर्शन,१ अज्ञान,१ असंयत,१ असिद्ध,६ लेश्या: -भेद है

Sandhi breakdown

• gati + kaṣāya + liṅga + mithyādarśana + ajñāna + asaṃyata + asiddha + leśyāḥ = categories of states
• catuḥ + catuḥ + tri + eka + eka + eka + ṣaṭ-bhedāḥ = four, four, three, one, one, one, six divisions
• Total = 21 audaika (karmic rise-based) states

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Meaning

When karmas rise (udaya), they manifest in the soul as particular states (audaika-bhāvas). There are 21 types, divided as follows:

1. Audaika Gati-bhāva (States of rebirth) – 4 kinds
   From the rise of gati-nāma karma, the soul attains one of the four destinies:
   • Hellish rebirth (naraka)
   • Celestial rebirth (deva)
   • Animal rebirth (tiryañca)
   • Human rebirth (manuṣya)
2. Audaika Kaṣāya-bhāva (Passional states) – 4 kinds
   From the rise of cāritra-mohanīya karma and painful feelings (vedanīya), the soul experiences passions that “bind and hurt” it. These are the four kaṣāyas (defilements):
   • Anger (krodha)
   • Pride (māna)
   • Deceit (māyā)
   • Greed (lobha)
3. Audaika Liṅga-bhāva (Sexual/gender states) – 3 kinds
   From mohanīya karma (akṣāya type), the soul has the disposition to seek sexual union. Three divisions:
   • Female disposition (strī-liṅga)
   • Male disposition (puruṣa-liṅga)
   • Hermaphrodite disposition (napuṃsaka-liṅga)
   🔹 Note: Two aspects are explained—
   • Dravya-liṅga (physical sex: bodily organs, nāma-karma effects), and
   • Bhāva-liṅga (psychological tendency: desire to unite).
     Here, bhāva-liṅga is mainly referred.
4. Audaika Mithyādarśana-bhāva (False faith) – 1 kind
   From the rise of darśana-mohanīya karma, the soul cannot develop true faith in reality. Even after hearing right teaching, it does not believe in tattvas. This is delusional wrong belief (mithyātva).
5. Audaika Ajñāna-bhāva (Ignorance) – 1 kind
   From the rise of jñānāvaraṇīya karma (knowledge-obscuring), the soul cannot know substances.
   Example: a one-sensed being, whose karmic rise blocks the knowledge of taste, smell, form, sound – thus remains ignorant beyond touch.
6. Audaika Asaṃyata-bhāva (Non-restraint) – 1 kind
   From the rise of cāritra-mohanīya karma, the soul fails to remain steady, indulges in violence and sensual pleasures, and does not attain restraint (saṃyama).
7. Audaika Asiddha-bhāva (Non-liberated state) – 1 kind
   Because of beginningless karmic bondage, the soul fails to attain the state of a Siddha (liberated being). This persists due to karmic rise obstructing emancipation.
8. Audaika Leśyā-bhāva (Colorations of the soul) – 6 kinds
   From the rise of passions and their karmas, the soul is “colored” or tinted. These are six leśyās (soul-hues):
   • Black (kṛṣṇa)
   • Blue (nīla)
   • Grey (kapota)
   • Yellow (pīta)
   • Red (padma)
   • White (śukla)
   Each has two modes:
   • Dravya-leśyā → physical effect, body color/appearance from nāma-karmas
   • Bhāva-leśyā → internal effect, mental-emotional coloring of the soul through passions
   At any one time, only one leśyā is operative in a soul. Elevated leśyās (padma and śukla) are connected with religious practice and purity.

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Summary of the 21 Audaika Bhāvas

• 4 destinies (gati)
• 4 passions (kaṣāya)
• 3 sexual dispositions (liṅga)
• 1 false faith (mithyādarśana)
• 1 ignorance (ajñāna)
• 1 non-restraint (asaṃyata)
• 1 non-liberation (asiddha)
• 6 soul-colorations (leśyā)

Total = 21

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Special Note

• These audaika bhāvas arise purely from karmic rise and are the reason for saṃsāra (cycle of rebirth).
• Example: 100 karmas rise → if one reacts with passions, one may bind up to 15,000 new karmas (150×100). Hence Jain texts emphasize vigilance and restraint.

Sūtra 2.7 – jīva-bhavya-abhavyatvāni ca

(जीवभव्याभव्यत्वानि च)

Sandhi-viccheda (word split):

• jīva + tvam = jīvatvam (state of being a soul)
• bhavya + tvam = bhavyatvam (capacity for liberation)
• abhavya + tvam = abhavyatvam (incapacity for liberation)
• ca = and also includes general/common attributes like existence (astitva), objecthood (vastutva), substance-hood (dravyatva), knowability (prameyatva), eternality yet changeability (agurulaghutva), spatiality (pradeśatva), etc.

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Meaning

Out of all the pāriṇāmika bhāvas (intrinsic states) of the soul, three are special/uncommon (asādhāraṇa) – found only in souls, not in other substances:

1. Jīvatva (soul-hood)
2. Bhavyatva (potential for liberation)
3. Abhavyatva (no potential for liberation)

The word “ca” extends the scope to include general/common (sādhāraṇa) attributes which are present in all substances, such as existence, objecthood, dravyatva, prameyatva, agurulaghutva, pradeśatva.

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The Three Special States (Asādhāraṇa Pāriṇāmika Bhāvas)

1. Jīvatva – the state of being a soul

• The natural quality of consciousness (cetana-lakṣaṇa).
• It allows the soul to know both general and particular forms of reality.
• Present in all souls – from the first spiritual stage (pratham guṇasthāna) up to the Siddha (liberated being).
• Example: Like a mirror reflecting different colored objects placed before it. The colors are not its own nature, but its capacity to reflect shows the mirror’s true quality – purity. Similarly, jīvatva is the intrinsic consciousness of the soul.

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2. Bhavyatva – capacity for liberation

• The potential to attain right faith (samyag-darśana), right knowledge, and right conduct.
• Souls with bhavyatva can progress spiritually and eventually achieve liberation.
• Found in souls between the 4th and 14th guṇasthānas.
• These souls are called bhavya jīvas – fit for mokṣa.

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3. Abhavyatva – incapacity for liberation

• The permanent absence of the potential for right faith and liberation.
• Such souls can never attain mokṣa, no matter how many cycles of existence they pass through.
• Found only in some souls at the first guṇasthāna.
• These are called abhavya jīvas – eternally bound in saṃsāra.

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Special Features of These Three

• They are anādi (beginningless) and permanent states.
• They do not depend on karmas (udaya, kṣaya, or kṣayopaśama).
• They are intrinsic to the substance of the soul itself (dravya-pariṇāma).
• They are not shared by other substances like matter, dharma, adharma, space, or time.

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Analogy

• All souls have jīvatva.
• Some souls have bhavyatva (like fertile seeds, capable of sprouting).
• Some souls have abhavyatva (like sterile seeds, never sprouting).

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Special Note

Among all the bhāvas:

• Aupashamika – least souls
• Kṣāyika – more
• Kṣayopaśamika – more
• Audaika – still more
• Pāriṇāmika – the most (since every soul always has these natural states).

Sūtra 2.8 – upayogalakṣaṇam (उपयोगोलक्षणम्)

Word-split (sandhi-viccheda): upayogaḥ + lakṣaṇam
Meaning: The distinguishing mark (lakṣaṇa) of the soul (jīva) is upayoga.

Explanation:

• The essential characteristic that defines a soul and differentiates it from other substances is upayoga (manifestation of consciousness).
• Upayoga means the activity of consciousness – the tendency of the soul to grasp or apprehend objects.
• In simple terms: wherever there is consciousness manifesting as knowledge or perception, there is soul.
• Special Note: The various manifestations that arise because of consciousness are called upayoga.

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Sūtra 2.9 – sadvividho’ṣṭacaturbhedaḥ (सद्विविधोऽष्टचतुर्भेदः)

Word-split: sa (that upayoga) + dvividhaḥ (twofold) + aṣṭa (eight) + catuḥ (four) + bhedaḥ (divisions)
Meaning: Upayoga is of two kinds – knowledge (jñānopayoga) and perception (darśanopayoga). The first has eight divisions, the second has four.

Explanation:

• Two main divisions of upayoga:
  1. Jñānopayoga (knowledge manifestation) – 8 types:
     • Mati (sensory knowledge)
     • Śruta (scriptural knowledge)
     • Avadhi (clairvoyance)
     • Manaḥparyāya (telepathy)
     • Kevalajñāna (omniscience)
     • Wrong or faulty types: Ku-mati, Ku-śruta, Ku-avadhi
  2. Darśanopayoga (perceptual manifestation) – 4 types:
     • Cakṣu-darśana (ocular perception)
     • Acakṣu-darśana (non-ocular/general perception)
     • Avadhi-darśana (clairvoyant perception)
     • Kevaladarśana (perfect perception)

Thus, in total there are 12 types of upayoga.

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Sūtra 2.10 – saṃsāriṇo muktāś ca (संसारिणो मुक्ताश्च)

Word-split: saṃsāriṇaḥ (worldly souls) + muktāḥ (liberated souls) + ca (and)
Meaning: Souls are of two kinds – worldly (saṃsārī) and liberated (mukta).

Explanation:

• Worldly souls (saṃsārī) – bound by karmas, wandering in transmigration.
• Liberated souls (mukta) – have completely destroyed all karmas, dwelling eternally in Siddha-śilā.
• Special Point: Arhats (omniscient beings) are technically still counted among worldly souls because although they have destroyed the four destructive karmas (ghātiyā karmas: knowledge-obscuring, perception-obscuring, deluding, obstructing), the four non-destructive karmas (aghātiyā karmas: body-making, lifespan, status, and feeling-producing) remain until final liberation.

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Sutra 11 to 15

English explanation of Tattvarth Sutra

Chapter 1 – Sutra 1 to 5 | Sutra 6 to 12 | Sutra 13 to 19 | Sutra 20 to 25 | Sutra 26 to 31 | Sutra 32 and 33

Chapter 2– Sutra 1 to 5 | Sutra 11 to 15

Animations and Visualizations.

मुनि श्री 108 प्रणम्यसागरजी तत्वार्थ सूत्र with Animation

जैन धर्मं और दर्शन 

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