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• Fixed Bed Biofilm Activated Sludge Process (FBAS) • Fixed media like Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) • Oxidation ditch (O D) Activated Sludge Process (ASP) There are two variations of this process namely, (a) the conventional process for removal of […]

Chapter 10 of CPHEEO Manual The object of sewage treatment is to stabilise decomposable organic matter present in sewage and the effluent and sludge which can be disposed of in the environment without causing health hazards or nuisance.  Design Period:  […]

Design of Sewer(Chapter 3 of CPHEEO Manual)  Sewerage system may be classified as sanitary sewers designed to receive domestic sewage and industrial waste excluding storm water.  Storm sewers designed to carry off storm water and ground water but excluding domestic […]

Sanitation has a broader scope that goes beyond the strict disposal of human waste. Indeed, sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the potential hazards posed by wastes, including either physical, microbiological, biological […]

Most water institutions in India are being developed in an era of water surplus, especially during the colonial period , thus becoming increasingly less relevant to address the water challenges as the country is entering in an era of absolute […]

Ditch and Furrow Method: In areas with irregular topography, shallow, flat bottomed and closely spaced ditches or furrows provide maximum water contact area for recharge water from source stream or canal. This technique requires less soil preparation than the recharge […]

Rainwater harvesting is a system to – •Recharge the groundwater by rainwater through an artificial system at a rate more than that obtained under conditions of natural replenishment and/or- •Collect and store rain water. The main goal is to minimize […]

This method is applicable to closed-loop pipe networks  (a complex set of pipes in parallel). It depends on the idea of head balance method Assumptions / Steps of this method: 1.Assume that the water is withdrawn from nodes only; not […]

Hierarchical relationship of Components, Subcomponent, and sub-subcomponent. Cullinane, Jr., M. J., Methodologies for the evaluation of Water Distribution System Reliability/Availability Register & Download PDF for Educational Purposes Only Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III Urban Infrastructures & Network.pdf […]