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Environmental audit was introduced in India to minimize generation of wastes and pollution. Auditing has become an increasingly popular tool to assess the environmental policies, quality of implementation, compliance with national law and regulation, etc. Auditing has also been widely […]

Complete access to sewerage – sanitation 1.Access to sanitation facilities shall be universalized (100%) without any barriers of any cost/fee, land tenure etc., including urban poor settlements, unauthorized slums / colonies. 2.All properties/ holdings should be connected to sewerage system, […]

Supply side management 1.Water utilities should be encouraged to create/develop own sources for water supply to avoid conflicts with irrigation/agriculture sector. 2.In case of multi-purpose projects, ensuring first priority of allocation to drinking water supply from available storages at any […]

Utility networks—consisting of water, soild waste, electricity, gas, and telecommunication systems—underpin the economic, social, and environmental performance of modern life. They are the basic spatial infrastructure grids which, quite literally, provide the fundamental conduits through which modern cities operate 17 […]

Planning for an efficient and advanced MSWM system should include an effective institutional structure capable to steer and implement the MSWM system. Role of Central, State and Local Governments in MSWM Central Government • Legal & Policy Framework: The SWM […]

Where material recovery and composting from MSW is not possible or desirable due to local conditions or because of the nature of waste, recovery of energy from MSW is suggested as a feasible alternative. When high calorific value fractions of […]

Windrow composting process consists of placing the pre-sorted feedstock in long narrow piles called windrows that are turned on a regular basis for boosting passive aeration. The turning operation mixes the composting materials and enhances passive aeration. Figure gives an […]

During aerobic composting, microorganisms oxidize organic compounds to carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrite, and nitrate. Carbon from organic compounds is used as a source of energy while nitrogen is recycled. Due to chemical reactions producing heat, temperature of the mass rises. […]

Composting  is a controlled aerobic process of biologically “digesting” the MSW, so it may be recycled for other purposes—plant nutrient, stabilization of soil in remediation process, or soil amendment for recovery of poor soils. Compost production can be carried out […]

An MRF unit, depending on the level of complexity, will consist of a combination of units in varying degrees of mechanization Pre-sorting: Bulky and contaminated wastes hamper further sorting or processing in the facility; mechanical or manual pre-sorting is essential […]