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Daylight factor is the sum of all the daylight reaching on an indoor reference point from the following sources: 1.Direct sky visible from the point, expressed as the sky component (SC), 2.External surfaces reflecting light directly to the point , […]

The primary source of lighting for daylighting is the sun. In daylighting design, the goal is to maximize the use of natural light while minimizing the negative effects of glare and heat gain. This can be achieved through a range […]

Visual efficiency and comfort are important considerations in lighting design and architecture. Visual efficiency refers to the ability of the lighting system to provide adequate illumination for the tasks being performed in the space while minimizing the amount of energy […]

The Laws of Reflection and Refraction are important principles in illumination that describe how light behaves when it interacts with a surface or a medium. These laws have significant implications for the design and implementation of lighting systems. Law of […]

The Cosine Law of Illuminance is fundamental principle in lighting design and engineering that describes the relationship between the angle of incidence of light and the level of illuminance on a surface. The law states that the illuminance on a […]

The Inverse Square Law of Illuminance is a fundamental principle in lighting design and engineering that describes the relationship between the distance of a light source and the level of illuminance (light intensity) on a surface. The law states that […]

Luminaire efficiency is a measure of the effectiveness of a lighting system in delivering light output from the light source to the area being illuminated. It is expressed as a percentage and is calculated by dividing the total light output […]

Luminance is a measure of the brightness of a surface that is illuminated by a light source. It is the amount of light that is emitted, reflected or transmitted by a surface per unit area, in a given direction. Luminance […]

Illuminance is the measure of the amount of light that falls onto a surface per unit area. It is measured in lux (lx), which is the SI unit of illuminance. E=Φ/A A= Illuminated surface (m2) Φ = Luminous flux (lumen) […]

Luminous intensity (I) is the ability to emit light into a given direction, or it is the luminous flux that is radiated by the light source in a given direction within the unit of the spatial angel.  unit :-candela. I=Φ/Ω […]