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Intake Structure The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water from the source over predetermined pool levels and then to discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit (normally called intake conduit), through which it […]

Bored wells are tubular wells drilled into permeable layers to facilitate abstraction of groundwater through suitable strainers inserted into the well extending over the required range or ranges of the-water bearing strata. There are a variety of methods for drilling […]

The sources for the water supply scheme are generally of the following two categories; 1.Surface water sources 2.Sub surface water sources 1.Surface water source Surface Water sources are from rivers lakes and reservoirs. The water from these sources are drawn […]

pH : pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. It is an indicator of relative acidity or alkalinity of water. By weight these un-combined ions are equal to 0.0000001 gram of H ions per liter of water and this will […]

Introduction : Access to safe drinking-water is important as a health and development issue at national, regional and local levels. Small village settlements were dependent upon river, wells or tanks for the source of water supply which was hand carried […]

Spatial equity is the equal distribution of individuals on geographical location affected by particular projects. •Spatial equity is dropping of disparities between different living levels. •Spatial equity can be by identifying criteria defining fairness in the allocation of basic social […]

Social equity is the equitable distribution of impacts. It is defined as the equal distribution of benefits, disadvantages and costs among people. On the subject of infrastructure it has three main dimensions •distribution of impacts as horizontal dimension, •income and […]

Optimal allocation of resources for infrastructure facilities is a critical issue in planning for development but it is also a critical consideration for the every day life of urban dweller. In addition to optimal allocation, equally important is also the […]

This resource analysis is a strategic planning tool which considers (a)the resources required to support particular strategies, and those needed to gain ‘competitive’ advantage (b)the required competencies to effectively use those resources. ● A resource analysis needs to consider how […]

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the trash or garbage that is discarded day to day in a human settlement. According to MSW Rules 2000 MSW includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid […]