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Artificial light sources are devices that produce light through the use of electricity or other means. They are used in a variety of applications, from general lighting in homes and offices to specialized lighting in industries such as automotive manufacturing, […]

Lighting requirements are primarily dictated by the function of a space or the tasks being performed within it. Lighting requirements are usually specified by value of illuminance The National Building Code of India 2016 (NBC 2016) provides recommended values of […]

Artificial lighting design involves the selection and positioning of artificial light sources to provide adequate and appropriate illumination within a space. The goal of artificial lighting design is to create a comfortable and functional environment that meets the visual needs […]

Daylight factor is the sum of all the daylight reaching on an indoor reference point from the following sources: 1.Direct sky visible from the point, expressed as the sky component (SC), 2.External surfaces reflecting light directly to the point , […]

The primary source of lighting for daylighting is the sun. In daylighting design, the goal is to maximize the use of natural light while minimizing the negative effects of glare and heat gain. This can be achieved through a range […]

Visual efficiency and comfort are important considerations in lighting design and architecture. Visual efficiency refers to the ability of the lighting system to provide adequate illumination for the tasks being performed in the space while minimizing the amount of energy […]

The Laws of Reflection and Refraction are important principles in illumination that describe how light behaves when it interacts with a surface or a medium. These laws have significant implications for the design and implementation of lighting systems. Law of […]

The Cosine Law of Illuminance is fundamental principle in lighting design and engineering that describes the relationship between the angle of incidence of light and the level of illuminance on a surface. The law states that the illuminance on a […]

The Inverse Square Law of Illuminance is a fundamental principle in lighting design and engineering that describes the relationship between the distance of a light source and the level of illuminance (light intensity) on a surface. The law states that […]

Luminaire efficiency is a measure of the effectiveness of a lighting system in delivering light output from the light source to the area being illuminated. It is expressed as a percentage and is calculated by dividing the total light output […]