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Various types of Joints • Spigot and Socket Joints or Bell & Spigot Joints This types of joints is mostly used for cast iron pipes For the construction of this joint the spigot or normal end of one pipe is […]

Concrete Pipes These pipes may be precast or Cast-in-situ plain concrete pipe may be used at such places where water does not flow under pressure, these pipes are jointed with Bel &Spigot Joints. Plain Concrete pipes are up to 60 […]

Steel pipes The Construction of these pipes is similar to wrought iron pipes, it is occasionally used from main lines and at such places where pressure are high and pipe dia is more. Steel pipes are more stronger, have very […]

Advantages of CI Pipes • Ease in jointing the pipes • Can withstand high Internal pressure • Have a very long design life. (100 years) • They are less prone to corrosion. Dis-advantages of CI Pipes • They are heavy […]

Conveyance There are two stages in the transportation of water: •Conveyance of water from the source to the treatment plant. •Conveyance of treated water from treatment plant to the distribution system. In the first stage water is transported by gravity […]

Factors Governing Location of Intake •The intake site should remain easily accessible during floods and should not get flooded. Moreover, the flood waters should not be concentrated in the vicinity of the intake. Design Considerations sufficient factor of safety against […]

Intake Structure The basic function of the intake structure is to help in safely withdrawing water from the source over predetermined pool levels and then to discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit (normally called intake conduit), through which it […]

Bored wells are tubular wells drilled into permeable layers to facilitate abstraction of groundwater through suitable strainers inserted into the well extending over the required range or ranges of the-water bearing strata. There are a variety of methods for drilling […]

The sources for the water supply scheme are generally of the following two categories; 1.Surface water sources 2.Sub surface water sources 1.Surface water source Surface Water sources are from rivers lakes and reservoirs. The water from these sources are drawn […]

pH : pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration. It is an indicator of relative acidity or alkalinity of water. By weight these un-combined ions are equal to 0.0000001 gram of H ions per liter of water and this will […]