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Municipal bonds, like any other investment, face several constraints that can impact their performance. Some of these constraints include: Supply-side Constraints are: •  Institutional investors with long-term funds face regulatory constraints on purchasing municipal bonds: Institutional investors such as the […]

A municipal bond is a debt security issued by a state, municipality or county to finance its capital expenditures. Municipal bonds are exempt from federal taxes and from most state and local taxes, especially if you live in the state […]

Municipal debt is a government loans, market loans (open market and loans from financial institutions), interest bearing internal loans and external (World Bank) borrowing Municipal debt in India is regulated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and the […]

State & local government taxing powers, debt tools and credit quality can serve economic development purposes: •Raise capital for development finance programs •Finance infrastructure, public improvements or services needed to attract private development and investment •Expand capital availability for manufacturers […]

In addition to tax revenues, Urban Local Governments (ULGs) in India can also generate non-tax revenue through various means. Non-tax revenue refers to revenue that is generated from sources other than taxes. A further source of urban local governments income […]

Tax revenue is an important source of income for Urban Local Governments (ULGs) in India, which includes Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats. ULGs in India are empowered to levy various taxes and fees to generate revenue for providing […]

Municipal finance refers to the financial management of local governments or municipalities, which includes planning, budgeting, accounting, and reporting of financial activities. Municipal finance is crucial for the provision of public services and infrastructure to citizens and the overall economic […]

The Union government supports several developmental initiatives at the state level. These schemes are aimed at supplementing the efforts made by state governments since the central government has more resources at its disposal.  Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) are programs and […]

Definition: Consolidated Fund of India is the most important of all government accounts. Revenues received by the government and expenses made by it, excluding the exceptional items, are part of the Consolidated Fund.The Consolidated Fund is a term used in India […]

The Central Finance Commission (CFC) and the State Finance Commissions (SFCs) are two constitutional bodies in India that are responsible for recommending the distribution of financial resources between different levels of government. While the CFC is responsible for recommending the […]