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Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the trash or garbage that is discarded day to day in a human settlement. According to MSW Rules 2000 MSW includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified areas in either solid […]

Based on the estimated requirements of power supply as per the National Electricity Policy published in 2005, the recommended consumption is 1000 units per Capita per year or 2.74 kWh per capita per day demand which included domestic, commercial, industrial […]

Identification of land for water infrastructure is an essential parameter. It is necessary to earmark land for Water Treatment Plant (WTP) in Development Plans. Also land for overhead reservoirs, pumping stations should be marked at the zonal level or local […]

Water Supply Standards Recommended maximum water supply levels (lpcd) as indicated by the CPHEEO 1.Towns provided with piped water supply but without sewerage system 70 lpcd 2.Cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage system is existing / contemplated is […]

Water Water, which is essential for life, growth and health, can also be a source of spread of diseases and cause of ill-health, if contaminated or improperly handled and stored. Safe drinking water plays a major role in the overall […]

1.Demographic Challenge : The demographic challenge is related to the dynamics of the urban population. Currently, the growth of urban populations in many areas of India outpaces the ability of most urban infrastructure managers to expand their systems and provide […]

Urban infrastructures are sociotechnical systems embedded in the urban areas to which they provide fundamental services such as energy, water, or communications. Systems can be viewed as “the link between city inhabitants and natural resources” ,supporting the critical flow of […]

Urban infrastructure management, concerned not only about how the infrastructures system evolve, but also about the way they interact. Urban infrastructures configure “geographies of enablement and constraint”, which are “never truly universal or politically or socially ‘neutral”. This means that […]

Infrastructure is understood as an important input for urban development. “infra” stems from the Latin language, meaning below, thus “infrastructure” can be taken to express “foundation“ of urban development. Infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities and systems serving […]