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Bilateral and multilateral agencies are international organizations that provide financial assistance to countries for various development projects and programs. These agencies have played a significant role in funding development projects in India. Bilateral agencies provide financial assistance directly to the […]

Reforms in municipal finance have been undertaken in India to improve the financial health and performance of urban local bodies. Some of the key reforms include: The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992, recognized the importance of local self governments […]

Exogenous : Exogenous Factors which could be responsible for the level of under-spending in ULB these factors are not within the control of concerned ULB Municipal finance assessment considers various exogenous factors that influence the financial health and performance of […]

Endogenous. : factors refer to those that have to do with the ULBs’ own operations which could be responsible for the level of under-spending Endogenous factors refer to the internal factors that impact the financial performance of a municipality. These […]

The Pooled Finance Development Fund (PFDF) is a fund set up by the Government of India in collaboration with the World Bank. Its objective is to support and promote infrastructure development at the state and local level in India. The […]

Only financially strong, large municipal corporations are in a position to directly access capital markets. Most small and medium ULBs are not able to directly access capital markets on the strength of their own balance sheets. Also, the cost of […]

Municipal bonds, like any other investment, face several constraints that can impact their performance. Some of these constraints include: Supply-side Constraints are: •  Institutional investors with long-term funds face regulatory constraints on purchasing municipal bonds: Institutional investors such as the […]

A municipal bond is a debt security issued by a state, municipality or county to finance its capital expenditures. Municipal bonds are exempt from federal taxes and from most state and local taxes, especially if you live in the state […]

Municipal debt is a government loans, market loans (open market and loans from financial institutions), interest bearing internal loans and external (World Bank) borrowing Municipal debt in India is regulated by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs and the […]