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Telecommunication has emerged as a key driver of economic and social development in an increasingly knowledge intensive global scenario.

With a view to cater to the needs of the digital communications sector of India, the Union Cabinet approved the National Digital Communications Policy-2018

It envisages three Missions: ²⁵

1. Connect India: Creating Robust Digital Communications Infrastructure

  To promote Broadband for All as a tool for socio-economic development, while ensuring service quality and environmental sustainability.

2. Propel India: Enabling Next Generation Technologies and Services through Investments, Innovation and IPR generation

  To harness the power of emerging digital technologies, including 5G, AI, IoT, Cloud and Big Data to enable provision of future ready products and services; and to catalyse the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) by promoting Investments, Innovation and IPR.

3. Secure India: Ensuring Sovereignty, Safety and Security of Digital Communications

  To secure the interests of citizens and safeguard the digital sovereignty of India with a focus on ensuring individual autonomy and choice, data ownership, privacy and security; while recognizing data as a crucial economic resource.

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Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III

Urban Infrastructures & Network.pdf

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SEP encompasses the policies and practices which help us to evaluate the full cost of our energy choices to get more output from a unit of energy. These include

Supply Side Management Practices and technologies that improve the efficiency with which energy is produced and delivered to the end-users

New and Renewable energy development strategies ²²

1) Development of micro grids and suitable control mechanism.

2) Energy storage: electrical and thermal storage with enhanced charge-discharge efficiencies and new technology routes.

3) Indigenous development of floating Solar Photo-Voltaic (SPV) stations.

4) Development and demonstration of lead redox flow battery system for solar energy storage and retrieval

5) PV degradation studies and identification of best suited technology for maximum solar PV generation

6) Indigenous development of wet and dry robotic cleaning system for PV modules.

7) Development of super hydro phobic coatings for PV modules.

8) Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs e.g. DRONE) and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) for PV Plant inspection

9) Utilization of concentrated solar thermal energy for Cooking systems, desalination and cooling systems

10) Development of solar thermal and fossil hybrid power plants. Development of the hybrid technology as combination of conventional and any of the renewable sources (solar/wind/biomass etc)

11) Development of Centralized Solar PV Forecasting Solution

12) Development of new technologies like Quantum dots, multi junction cells and third generation technology like solar panels which utilizes ultra-violet (UV) and infrared-spectrum which ultimately increases the efficiencies of cells.

13) Distinct Focus on both small wind and large wind systems as the technologies and their deployment are vastly different

14) Low wind speed turbine development (India has very few locations with high wind speeds)

15) Development of low cost material for small wind turbine blades and tower

Distribution system

•Distribution system needs careful attention in the areas such as reduction in losses, metering, distribution automation, planning, harmonic pollution, custom power devices, etc

•High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS) is an effective method for reduction of technical losses and improved voltage profile.

•Improvement in reliability of distribution network can be achieved with deployment of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition/Distribution Management System (SCADA/DMS) for remote monitoring and control of various network elements, obviating need for manned substations.

Demand Side Management (DSM)

This includes end-use efficiency, fuel substitution, mode shifts, etc. The efficient technologies or practices that improve energy efficiency at the level of the final user are considered.

i) Implementation of various programs of Demand Side Management, energy efficiency and conservation measures like S&L (Standards & Labelling), PAT (Perform-Achieve-Trade) Scheme in industries, LED domestic & Street lighting etc.

ii) Total energy savings during the year 2021-22 and 2026-27 has been estimated to be 249 Billion Unit (BU) and 337 BU respectively. This will result in reduction in both Electrical Energy Requirement (BU) and Peak Demand (MW).

iii) A uniform approach for formulation of DSM regulations (including demand response) throughout the country may be taken up in the Forum of Regulators. Regulators need to notify appropriate DSM regulations and direct the DISCOMs to prepare time bound DSM action plan. Regulators may direct Distribution Companies to take up energy efficiency measures in their areas.

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Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III

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TARANG

With the perspective of Good Governance and keeping in line with the “Digital India“ initiative of Government of India, REC Transmission Projects Limited(RECTPCL), a wholly owned Subsidiary of Rural Electrification Corporation Limited has developed “TARANG”-

Transmission App for Real Time Monitoring and Growth – as a mobile app and web interface. Tarang shall track ongoing transmission projects as well as provide wider participation in bidding process for upcoming projects. Another web portal ”e-trans” for e-bidding and e-reverse auction for Tariff Based Competitive Bidding (TBCB) in transmission projects has also been introduced .This portal shall bring more transparency ,efficiency and competition in transmission sector

URJA(Urban Jyoti Abhiyaan)

This scheme is aimed to empower citizens to bring transparency in performance of their town, DISCOMs, and state. The App is a platform for user to get information on the power supply services in their region as well as pan India. User can keep check on how their town, DISCOM, State is performing compared to other regions for different months and dates.

DEEP (Discovery of Efficient Electricity Price)

DEEP is a ‘e-Bidding’ portal for medium term (1-5 years) purchase of power. The portal will provide a common e-bidding platform with e-reverse auction facility to facilitate nation-wide power procurement through a wider network so as to bring uniformity and transparency in the process of power procurement.

Vidyut Pravah

This mobile application provides highlights of the power availability in the country on real time basis. The mobile application will empower the common people to demand 24×7 power from the States. Vidyut Pravah mobile application provides data pertaining to market price of power from power exchange, value of current all India demand in GW and all India and State shortage including peak hour and total energy shortage. The real time data and comparison with previous day/year data is also available. Data from multiple sources, including the States and power exchanges, has been made available through a single portal for the convenience of all.

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Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III

Urban Infrastructures & Network.pdf

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Energy Efficiency

Ministry of Power, through Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), has initiated a number of energy efficiency initiatives in the areas of household lighting, commercial buildings, standards and labelling of appliances, demand side management in  agriculture/municipalities, SME’s and large industries including the initiation of the process for development of energy consumption norms for industrial sub sectors, capacity building of State Designated Agency (SDA), etc

Regulatory Measures

· Mandatory Standards and Labelling (S&L) for selective appliances and equipment

· Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

· Energy usage norms for large industries through Perform- Achieve-Trade (PAT) scheme

· Certification of Energy Efficiency professionals (Energy Auditors and Energy Managers)

· Fuel efficiency norms for passenger cars

· Mandatory Energy Audit of large industries

· State level regulations (appliances, buildings & industry sector)

Market Transformation

Promotion of energy efficiency in Agriculture and Municipality sectors to reduce peak demand: Identification of options in AgDSM, MuDSM and SME programs · Formulate and Promote EE and new technologies: CFL, LED, Waste Heat Recovery, Tri-generation etc.

The National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)

The NMEEE spelt out four initiatives to enhance energy efficiency in energy intensive industries which are as follows:

1) Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme (PAT), a regulatory instrument to reduce specific energy consumption in energy intensive industries, with an associated market based mechanism to enhance the cost effectiveness through certification of excess energy saving which can be traded.

2) Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE), for accelerating the shift to energy efficient appliances in designated sectors through innovative measures to make the products more affordable.

3) Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP), for creation of mechanisms that would help finance Demand Side Management(DSM) programmes in all sectors by capturing future energy savings.

4) Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development (FEEED), for development of fiscal instruments to promote energy efficiency.

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Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III

Urban Infrastructures & Network.pdf

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Distribution is the most important link in the entire power sector value chain. As the only interface between utilities and consumers, it is the cash register for the entire sector. ²²

Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS)

For providing 24×7 power supply in the urban areas, Central Government launched this scheme through Power Finance Corporation (PFC)

(i) Strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution networks in the urban areas.

(ii) Metering of distribution transformer/feeders/consumers in the urban areas.

(iii) IT enablement of distribution sector and strengthening of distribution network, for completion of the targets laid down under Restructured-Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (R-APDRP) for the period 2012-17 and 2017-22 by carrying forward the approved outlay for R-APDRP to IPDS

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojna” (DDUGJY)

(i) Separation of agriculture and non-agriculture feeders facilitating judicious rostering of supply to agricultural & non-agriculture consumers in the rural areas; and

(ii) Strengthening and augmentation of sub-transmission & distribution infrastructure in rural areas, including metering of distribution transformers/feeders/consumers.

(iii) Rural electrification for completion of the targets laid down under RGGVY for 12th and 13th Plans by carrying forward the approved outlay for RGGVY to DDUGJY.

UDAY (Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojana) Scheme for Operational and Financial Turnaround of Power Distribution Companies.

for improving operational efficiencies :

•the participating States and utilities would have to follow the specified timeline of the targeted activities e.g. Compulsory feeder and Distribution Transformer (DT) metering by States,

•Consumer Indexing & GIS Mapping of losses,

•Upgrade or change transformers, meters etc.

•Smart metering of all consumers consuming above 200 units / month,

•Demand Side Management (DSM),

•Quarterly tariff revision,

•campaign to check power theft,

•Assure increased power supply in areas where the Aggregate Technical and Commercial  (AT&C) losses reduce.

National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)

To promote the development of Smart Grid in the country, Government of India has launched ‘National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)’ in 2015 for planning, monitoring and implementation of policies & programs related to development of Smart Grid in India.

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Urban Infrastructure and Network Study notes for M. plan Sem-III

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Electricity production in India is mostly achieved through coal thermal power plants Although there have been efforts to diversify the options, particularly in the case of renewable energies, coal remains the dominant source of electricity.

The Installed Capacity of India as on 31.3.2017 was 3,26,833 MW

•2,18,330 MW Thermal,

•6,780 MW Nuclear

•44,478 MW Hydro

•7,244 MW Renewables

The National Electricity Plan (Vol-I: Generation & Vol-II: Transmission) are prepared by Central Electricity Authority (CEA) in every five years. Presently 2018 plan is applicable for electricity generation and transmission.

Transmission , Distribution and Supply 

Generation of electricity is a major factor, but how this electricity is transmitted from the power stations to the substations and finally to the consumers is also important. This process is done by transmission and distribution lines.

Transmission lines are a high voltage line that carries electricity from power plant to the substation from it is further distributed to various areas for different purposes. Distribution lines are low voltage lines that carry electricity from the substations to the end users for residential and commercial use

Transmission System in India

The country has been demarcated into five electrical Regions viz. Northern (NR), Eastern (ER), Western (WR), Southern(SR) and North Eastern (NER). However, NR, ER, WR and NER have been synchronously interconnected and operating as single grid – Central Grid (capacity about 110,000MW).

The distribution segment start at the 66/33 kV level. The standard voltages on the distribution side are therefore 66kV, 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV and 400/230 volts, besides 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV and 2.2 kV.

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Case studies that address the challenges in the water sector faced by the cities today, including scarcity of water, management of water resources, high water losses, water for the poor, among others. ²¹

INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT POLICY: 

implementation of an integrated water management by means of a comprehensive policy framework with a focus on conservation and optimum resource utilization.

Singapore – Integrated water resource management: Singapore has adopted an integrated approach to water resource management, enforced by a national water policy and water master plan. The implementation of programs is carried out by a statutory board, Public Utilities Board (PUB), formed for all water-related services.

WATER UTILITY REFORMS: 

Under this , the two water utilities that have undergone major transformations as a result of undertaking water sector reforms have been selected as case studies. ²¹

Phnom Perth. Cambodia – Implementing reforms with good governance: This case is an example of how good governance can transform the performance of a public water utility.

Burkina Faso – Corporate approach to operations: A corporatization approach was adopted by the water utility with the help of a performance-based service contract with an international operator and the government’s support through a tariff and investment policy.

In India, most of the public-owned urban water and sanitation utilities are in a dismal state, performing below their potential and resulting in the widening of the gap between demand and supply. In this context, the case of transformation of ONEA in Burkina Faso shows that corporatization of the water utility, i.e., increasing cost recovery and improving the efficiency of service provision have been important elements in the turnaround of the utility. Corporatization, which requires autonomy for a water utility from political interference and operational arrangements like that of a business entity (comprising transparent management, reward for employees to perform, and internal control systems in the form of audits), is a critical element

LOSS PREVENTION AND LEAKAGE CONTROL:

Case studies of methodologies adopted for the prevention of physical as well as commercial loss during water transmission, distribution and metering ²¹

Tokyo, Japan – Physical loss reduction: The initiative involves adoption of continuous technological improvements for reduction of leakage rate from 20% in 1955 to 2.7% in 2010.

Dublin, Ireland – District Metered Areas (DMAs): The project demonstrates the use of a target-cost contract aimed at reducing leakage over a two-year period from 4.0% to 20% by delineating districts as per the DMA approach.

Sao Paulo, Brazil – Commercial  loss reduction: The program is an example of reducing commercial losses by means of a strategy involving replacement of customer meters and the reduction of bad debts.

The water utilities in most Indian cities are faced with similar issues of inefficiency in bill collection and cost recovery mechanisms, which results in revenue losses. The approach adopted in Sao Paulo of contracting for the large meter replacement is similar to a build-operate-transfer (BOT) model under public and private partnerships. This model can be replicated in cities where the utility has a significant number of large customers and a high tariff for the top consumption categories, for it to be cost effective.

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Manual on water supply and treatment -1999

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION

Chapter 2. PLANNING

  2.1 OBJECTIVE

  2.2 BASIC DFSIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Chapter 3. PROJECT REPORT

  3.1 GENERAL 

  3.2 IDENTIFICATION REPORT

  3.3 PREFESIBILITY REPORT

  3.4 FESIBILITY REPORT

Chapter 4. MEASUREMENT OF FLOW

  4.1 POINTS OF MEASUREMENT

  4.2 MEASUREMENT IN OPEN CHANNELS

  4.3 MEASUREMENT IN CLOSED CONDUITS

  4.4 SPECIAL METHOD

Chapter 5 SURCES OF SUPPLY

  5.1 KIND OF WATER SOURCES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

  5.2 ASSESSMENT OF YIELD AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOURCE

CHAPTER 6 TRANSMISSION OF WATER

6.1 FREE FLOW OF PRESSURE CONDUITS

6.2 HYDRAULICS OF CONDUITS

6.3 PIPE MATERIALS

6.4 CAST IRON PIPE

6.5 STEEL PIPE

6.6 DUCTILE IRON PIPE

6.7 ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES

6.8 CONCRETE PIPE

6.9 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPES

6.10 PVC PIPES

6.11 POLYETHYLENE PIPES

6.12 GLASS REINFROCED PLASTIC (GRP) PIPES

6.13 STRENGTH OF PIPES

6.14 ECONOMIC SIZE OF CONVERYING MAIN

6.15 CORROSION

6.16 APPURTENANCES

CHAPTER 7 WATER TREATMENT

7.1 METHOD OF TREATMENT AND FLOW SHEETS

7.2 AERATION

7.3 CHEMICAL HANDLING AND FEEDING

7.4 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

7.5  SEDIMENTATION

7.6  FILTERATION

7.7 DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM WATER TREATMENT PROCESSED

7.8 PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES

CHAPTER 8 DISINFECTION

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 CRITERIA OF GOOD DISINFECTANT

8.3 MECHANISMS OF DISINFECTION

8.4 FACTOR AFFECTING EFFICIENCY OF DISINFECTION … and so on

Manual on Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply System – 2005

Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems – 2013 in three part 1.Part A Engineering 2.Part B Operation & Maintenance-2013  3.Part C Management-2013

Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management – 2016 in three part

Part I: An Overview: Provides the salient features of the MSWM Manual for decision makers, elected representatives and bureaucrats at different levels of governance. It provides decision makers with guidance on the key issues of MSW management and promotes understanding of challenges and opportunities thereby guiding them in initiating necessary processes to achieve the goals.

Part II: The Manual: This is the main body of the manual, primarily for the senior management, financial and technical heads of department at ULB level, health officers, technical staff and private operators. This part comprises of seven chapters providing a detailed designs of requirements

on planning framework, adoption of several operating mechanisms and appropriate technologies for all aspects of MSWM. The manual also discusses the management of domestic hazardous waste including special waste steams which get mixed with municipal solid waste but need to be treated separately. This part provides a holistic approach towards technical, operational, institutional and financial management including PPP leading to sustainable MSWM.

Part III: The Compendium: Comprises of national rules and guidelines, international practices on waste minimization, detailed designs of compost plant and landfill. The part is mainly for the operational staff, private operators, experts and training institutes for facilitating informed decisions.

Manual on Storm Water Drainage Systems – 2019 in two volume

Volume-1 Part A-Engineering Design 

Volume-2 Part B-Operation & Maintenance and Part C-Management

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