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July 4, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice  ·  Uncategorized
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES

Participatory planning processes can have many goals with a variety of communication modes, as well as the decision- making actions taken by stakeholders during such a process. Parties involved in a planning process have their own goals based on political, cultural and economic factors that are relevant for them. The overall challenge is to define how to support these processes. One approach to tackle this challenge is to make a careful definition of the needs of the intended audience. These needs can be roughly divided into three main orientations that are described below 11

Decision-Oriented Approach

The decision-oriented approach has a strong relation with the Strategic Choice Approach . The central paradigm in this approach is that planning is a process of choice in a situation of uncertainty. This uncertainty is present in the knowledge of the planning environment. In this case, one is not sure about the physical and socio-economic structure of the environment and its response upon the actions of actors. Also there is uncertainty about what choices are to be expected in a related field of choice and there is uncertainty about the value of the judgments that are attached to the consequences of decisions. The decision oriented approach discriminates between operational decisions and planning. Planning is defined as temporary support for the operational decision making.

Such support is necessary because it is considered impossible to judge instantaneously all operational decisions in the necessary broader context of society and environment.

The goal of planning is mainly to inform actors about future decision- making and make future operational decisions interpretable

Action-Oriented Approach

In this approach, planning is defined as the result of actions between actors, which are part of the socio-spatial system. Their actions need to be compliant to and embedded in the society. Decisions are based upon interactions among actors. This means that the focus of planning is not “per se” on a critical evaluation of the spatial organization itself, but on the analysis of the intentional actions and knowledge of the actors involved in planning.

Search-Oriented Approach

The aim of planning as search for direction is not directly to prepare for an operational decision given a well-defined problem, but to reveal alternatives and new solutions outside the direct scope of the observed problems. It is meant for actors to learn and become wiser.

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Professional Practice  Study notes for M. plan Sem-IV

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June 14, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice  ·  Uncategorized
Community Participation

Community participation is provided and facilitated by various legal provisions. In many countries constitution provides the basic framework for empowerment of both the urban local government and the citizens. The mechanism of creation of Wards Committees, local groups, self help groups etc provides the structure for citizens’ participation. Institutions of local government are highly participatory, primarily by virtue of their close interface with local communities.

Types of Community Participation

Participation can be viewed from different perspectives and there are several types of participation. They include:

Passive Participation: People participate by being told what is going to happen or has already happened through unilateral announcement by administration.

Participation in Information Giving: People participate by answering questions posted by extractive researchers using questionnaire surveys or similar approaches and do not have the opportunity to influence proceedings.

Participation by Consultation: People participate by being consulted, and external people listen to views and may modify these in the light of people’s responses but do not involve them in decision-making.

Participation for Material Incentives: People participate by providing resources, for example labour, in return for food, cash, or other material incentives, yet people have no stake in prolonging activities when the incentives end.

Functional Participation: People participate by forming groups to meet predetermined objectives related to the project after major decisions have been made.

Interactive Participation: People participate in joint analysis, development of action plans, and formation or strengthening of local institutions.

Self-mobilisation: People participate by taking initiatives independent of external institutions to change systems. They develop contacts with external institutions for resources and the technical advice they need, but retain control over how resources are used.

INVOLVEMENT 

Involving the community in planning, implemention, management and evaluation of programmes. This is important because, it contributes towards a feeling of responsibility and involvement in such a programme. In other wards we could refer to the process as that by which active partnership is established between a developmental programme within the community and the community itself. Thus community participation and  involvement contributes to the attainment of community responsibility and  accountability over all development programmes. Therefore preventing a community from alienating itself from such a programme. The community develops self-reliance and social control over its own infrastructure

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS

• Top-down – approach

• Bottom-up – approach

Top-down – approach : In traditional approach health care planning , the decisions are made by senior persons in health services, the so called “experts”. Research may be carried out through surveys to what the community thinks or believes to be the problem, but in the end it’s usually the health workers who makes the decisions on what goes into the programme based on medically-defined needs.

BOTTOM-UP – APPROACH

In this approach members of the community make decisions.

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE DEGREE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION POSITIVELY

• Relevance and accountability

• Education status of the community

• Community infrastructure (including communication network)

• Economic factors

• Social and cultural factors

• The level of intersectoral collaboration

• Suppression of involvement and initiative by projects which create dependency

• Political stability

• Good leadership

• Motivated community

• A sense of ownership

• Locally available resources

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Professional Practice  Study notes for M. plan Sem-IV

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June 10, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice
Facilitating Public Participation

Public participation can be facilitated by stressing the benefits to be gained. 8

People’s participation is a cumulative and continuous process, which has to be nurtured and gradually developed with the help of the people themselves through close rapport, communication, their organisation, decentralized and integrated approach so that the tempo of development not only reaches a crescendo but is also sustained

Public participation can be facilitated with an appropriate organizational structure available for expressing interest. This may require organizing a more neutral group than may be in existence in a community. However, in some situations, existing groups are adequate. Situation judgment is required by persons with appropriate experience and competency.

Public  participation can be facilitated by helping citizens find positive ways to respond when their way-of life is threatened. Most people want to act responsibly. Use these situations to help people find positive ways to deal with threatening predicaments. The most positive of all approaches to facilitate greater participation is to provide citizens with better knowledge. Obviously, the knowledge has to be in their value system. When it is, experience shows they usually act accordingly. Adequate time and means of diffusing the new knowledge must be employed for satisfactory results.

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Professional Practice  Study notes for M. plan Sem-IV

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Information on this site is purely for education purpose. The materials used and displayed on the Sites, including text, photographs, graphics, illustrations and artwork, video, music and sound, and names, logos, IS Codes, are copyrighted items of respective owners. Front Desk is not responsible and liable for information shared above.

June 10, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice
Public Participation

People can make contributions to the planning process at the implementation stage only if they are presented with a well-articulated and feasible framework of approaches, objectives, alternatives, etc.

The Importance of Participation

The planning system is meant to reflect the general wishes of the local community and there is a need on the local authority to consult widely during the formulation of a Zonal / Master Plan and in the operation of the development.

Public’s participation or involvement can be better understood in four senses:

(i)Participation in decision-making ;

(ii)Participation in implementation of development programme and projects;

(iii)Participation in monitoring and evaluation of development programmes and projects

(iv)Participation in sharing the benefits of development

The pre-requisites for people’s participation are a democratic system which will allow the people, even the smallest and the poorest, to participate directly as well as through genuine representatives in the decision-making process at all levels.

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Professional Practice  Study notes for M. plan Sem-IV

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June 10, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice
Dissemination and mainstreaming of project learning

At the end we should learn form project completion. For this use following steps

Finalization of all project activities

Programmes will monitor carefully whether the project has implemented all activities and delivered all outputs proposed in the application.

Communication of the results

The success or failure often depends on planning and the quality of the results on offer. Result promotion should therefore be built into the communication work package and budgeted at project start, and achieving promotional targets should be ranked as highly as other success criteria.

Accumulation of project records

The initial step in closing an project is the accumulation of all official project records

These records include all accounts, papers, photographs or other documentary materials made or received by the project partnership in connection with the implementation of the project.

Preparation of project final report

A final report typically includes:

· Executive summary.

· Information on the project’s achievement towards the project and programme objectives and results, the durability of the project’s outputs, as well as information about any challenges faced by the agency during the implementation of the project.

· How the project results and outputs will be communicated and disseminated following the closure

period.

· Continuation of project activities – will there be any follow up activity or further impact as a result of the project’s activities? For example, new projects or a continuation of networks? Have there been any spin-offs as a result of the project – new activities or approaches that were unanticipated?

· Working Agency evaluation. Programmes may use the project closure phase as an opportunity to ask lead agency for the overall evaluation, how it worked, what kind of problems were experienced, and what solutions were proposed. · Opportunity to give feedback on the programme’s implementation. This feedback will provide valuable input for the future development of the programme.

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June 10, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice
Evaluation

Evaluation is an important tool to measure your project performance and to demonstrate the achievements of your project.9

Purpose of evaluation

Accountability

Demonstrating how far a project has achieved its objectives, how well it has used its resources, and what has been its impact: •What did your project achieve? •How successful has your project been? •Has it met its targets? •Did you spend the money as planned? •Has the money been spent effectively and efficiently, and with what impact?

Implementation

Improving the performance, management and effectiveness of the project: •How efficiently did you implement your project? •Are the management arrangements  working efficiently? •Are programmes properly targeted in terms of eligibility? Is the time plan being adhered to?

Knowledge production

Understanding what works (for whom), why and in what contexts. •What have we now learned about what works? •Is this an efficient way of achieving goals, or are there alternatives? •What evidence is there regarding the sustainability of the project?

Planning / efficiency

Ensuring that there is a justification for the project, and that resources are being efficiently deployed: •Was your project worth implementing? •Is this the best use of public money? •Are there alternative uses of resources that would yield more benefit? •Is there equivalence between the costs incurred and the benefits that followed? •Did you spend the money in an efficient way?

Institutional  strengthening

Improving and developing capacity among project participants and their networks and institutions. •Are project partners and local communities sufficiently involved in your project? •What can be done to increase participation and develop consensus? •Are the project mechanisms supportive and open to ‘bottom up’ feedback?

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June 10, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice
Reporting

The aim of the reporting process is to establish whether project objectives have been achieved, what resources have been expended, what problems have been encountered, and whether the project is expected to be completed on time and within budget. If performance is sufficient, the project will receive payment from the programme for costs incurred, paid and reported. 9

The report includes information about

•Activities carried out

•Outputs delivered

•Expenditure incurred

Reporting tips

Do not report on planned activities and outputs – only on activities actually carried out and outputs delivered.

Highlight main achievements – they are needed for programme communication

Consider the relevance of the information provided.

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Professional Practice  Study notes for M. plan Sem-IV

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June 10, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice
Stakeholder involvement mechanisms

Essential Principles for Meaningful Stakeholder Involvement Processes

•Clear Goals and Avenues for Stakeholder and Public Participation

•The goals, schedule, and reasons for the planning process are communicated publicly and include a clear map of the project planning decision process and stakeholder input points. •Public and stakeholder involvement is developed and implemented in consultation with the stakeholder groups.

•Inclusiveness and Accessibility : Barriers to participation are identified and addressed before and during convening of the stakeholders

•Transparency and Openness : Information about the decision process and supporting information for the plan are publicly available for review and comment

•Informed Engagement :Stakeholders and planners engage in a process of mutual education to improve overall

•Timeliness : Participation occurs at a time that allows stakeholder input to be used in the development of the products of the planning process.

•Process Integrity :  Stakeholders have confidence in the value of the process

•Adaptability and Flexibility : As needs and issues evolve, additional options for stakeholder engagement are developed.

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Professional Practice  Study notes for M. plan Sem-IV

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Disclaimer

Information on this site is purely for education purpose. The materials used and displayed on the Sites, including text, photographs, graphics, illustrations and artwork, video, music and sound, and names, logos, IS Codes, are copyrighted items of respective owners. Front Desk is not responsible and liable for information shared above.

June 10, 2021

Planning  ·  Professional Practice  ·  Uncategorized
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES

Participatory planning processes can have many goals with a variety of communication modes, as well as the decision- making actions taken by stakeholders during such a process. Parties involved in a planning process have their own goals based on political, cultural and economic factors that are relevant for them. The overall challenge is to define how to support these processes. One approach to tackle this challenge is to make a careful definition of the needs of the intended audience. These needs can be roughly divided into three main orientations that are described below 11

Decision-Oriented Approach

The decision-oriented approach has a strong relation with the Strategic Choice Approach . The central paradigm in this approach is that planning is a process of choice in a situation of uncertainty. This uncertainty is present in the knowledge of the planning environment. In this case, one is not sure about the physical and socio-economic structure of the environment and its response upon the actions of actors. Also there is uncertainty about what choices are to be expected in a related field of choice and there is uncertainty about the value of the judgments that are attached to the consequences of decisions. The decision oriented approach discriminates between operational decisions and planning. Planning is defined as temporary support for the operational decision making.

Such support is necessary because it is considered impossible to judge instantaneously all operational decisions in the necessary broader context of society and environment.

The goal of planning is mainly to inform actors about future decision- making and make future operational decisions interpretable

Action-Oriented Approach

In this approach, planning is defined as the result of actions between actors, which are part of the socio-spatial system. Their actions need to be compliant to and embedded in the society. Decisions are based upon interactions among actors. This means that the focus of planning is not “per se” on a critical evaluation of the spatial organization itself, but on the analysis of the intentional actions and knowledge of the actors involved in planning.

Search-Oriented Approach

The aim of planning as search for direction is not directly to prepare for an operational decision given a well-defined problem, but to reveal alternatives and new solutions outside the direct scope of the observed problems. It is meant for actors to learn and become wiser.

Register & Download PDF for Educational Purposes Only

Professional Practice  Study notes for M. plan Sem-IV

.pdf

Professional Practice.pdf

Register as member and login to download attachment [pdf] by right-click the pdf link and Select “Save link as” use for Educational Purposes Only

Disclaimer

Information on this site is purely for education purpose. The materials used and displayed on the Sites, including text, photographs, graphics, illustrations and artwork, video, music and sound, and names, logos, IS Codes, are copyrighted items of respective owners. Front Desk is not responsible and liable for information shared above.

June 10, 2021

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